Faculty Of Biotechnology Graduation Project 2017 - 2018

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Evaluating the expression of MDM2 on gastric cancer using immunohistochemistry
(October university for modern sciences and arts, 2018) Khalid, Samar
ISBD view Asscssing potential Risk Of Heavy metals in dricd , Fluid and Flavored Milk collected from local Market in egypt using ICP-OFS Technique تقييم المخاطر المحتملة للمعادن الثقيلة في الحليب المجفف والسائل والمنكه الذي تم جمعه من األسواق المحلية في مصر باستخدام تقنية OES-ICP
(October university for modern sciences and arts, 2018) Ibrahim, Riham Osama
Milk is very common in our food list due to its nutrient value, since it is a source of vitamins and a lot of mineral constituents which are necessary for proper development and functioning of different tissues and organs. For this reason, milk should be free from any contaminants such as heavy metals. In the past decades, heavy metal contamination has exponentially increased, and is now found particularly high in ingestible beverages such as milk. Thus, this study attempted to assess the potential risk of heavy metal exposure from the dietary consumption of full cream liquid, powdered and flavored milks and its environmental impact and decide which is safer for human consumption and compare the results to the APTWI standards. Focus was given to toxic metals; Lead, Cadmium and chromium as well as non toxic metals; Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Zinc, Copper, Cobalt and Tin, which were digested and processed using typical methods, then analyzed using ICP-OES technique. The results showed that the elements that were found in 100% of the samples analyzed were Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Tin (Sn). Iron (Fe) has the highest mean concentration in all the samples with the highest being; 29.5859 mg/kg for powder milk. Manganese is the second element with the highest mean concentration in all the samples with the highest being; 1.01116 mg/kg for chocolate milk and the third is Tin with highest being 1.2255mg/kg for powder milk.
The vitamin D level in serum and semen in infertile males
(MSA University, 2018) Shedid, Habiba
Background: In recent years studies have been shown vitamin D plays an important role in reproduction. The deficiency of vitamin D is connected with male infertility, diminishing rate and changing hormonal profile. Aim: this study purposes to evaluate the occurrence of vitamin D in azoospermic, oligospermic and normal fertile Egyptian and to correlate the different levels of Vitamin D with semen parameters (spermatic count, motility and abnormality) hormonal profile (FSH, LH, TT) and duration of infertility. Patients and methods: 30 infertile males were included. Semen analysis was performed according to WHO criteria. Different levels of vitamin D were detected using both Vidas and Elisa techniques, as well as the levels of hormonal profile.Results: Among 30 infertile males; 18/30(60%) patients were azoo/oligozoospermia and 12/30 (40%) fertile.Conclusion:Vitamin D levels in serum is correlated with male infertility. Almost fertile males showed higher levels of vitamin D in oligozospermia and azoospermia. As well as semen vitamin D levels is also linked with vitamin D in semen vs count and duration. A wide population is needed to insure this observation.
The Use of CASA to Monitor Effects of Red Laser on Post-frozenBuffalo Semen
(MSA University, 2018) Khalid Tawfik, Ahmed
Live biological tissue reacts to irradiation effects from different light sources and wavelengths, sperm cells especially exhibit physiological changes when exposed to laser light irradiation. The motility characteristics of the buffalo bull (Bubalusbubalis), are considered to be the most important qualities necessary for a successful fertilization process. The buffalo’s population in Egypt have a major socioeconomic impact, where Egypt is one of the major buffalo population holding countries in the African continent with 5,231,162 heads; and in the world with 3.1% of the world's total population. Economically, the buffalo meat makes up 46% of the market consumption of red meat in 2016, which highly effects the Egyptian economy. Therefore, the current study focuses on the improvement of semen motility characteristics and fertility capabilities of post-frozen Egyptian buffalo semen, through the use of red laser irradiation. The study describes the potential of utilizing laser irradiation as a simple and inexpensive method to improve the in situ characteristics of semen motility and overall quality, for the purpose of enhancing the fertility capabilities of the semen samples to be used in the artificial insemination processes. Results showed that the red laser light irradiation were highly capable of exciting and enhancing the post-frozen buffalo semen motility characteristics, both over the long term and short term evaluations. Significant changes in the motility characteristics indicated that the red laser light irradiation at 625nm wavelength is an effective treatment method for enhancing the motility characteristics of the post-frozen buffalo semen.
The Therapeutic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Taurine in Ovarian Dysfunction in Rat Model
(MSA University, 2018) Ahmed El Nagdi, Lama
Chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing tissues in the body. It destroys the progenitor cells in gonads resulting in ovarian dysfunction. Studies have suggested that bone marrow- derived stem cells can regenerate oocytes in chemotherapy-treated female rats after transplantation. The present study aimed to assess mechanism of homing, the action of injected BM-MSCs and orally administered taurine on ovarian function after ovarian damage. Experimental design: Fifty female albino rats were randomly allocated into Control, CTX group, The Experimental protocol lasted for 10 weeks during which serum E2 and plasma serum ALT and MDA were monitored. Stem cells identification and homing were evaluated by Flowcytometry. Also, histopathological examination was done to evaluate both degeneration and regeneration of ovarian tissue. Principal observations: Paclitaxel group indicated noticeable ovarian distress. Partial improvement of E2, ALT and MDA levels as well as ovarian architecture. H&E staining showed that there were more healthy ovarian follicles after treatment with BM-MSCs and Taurine. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that injected BM-MSCs can home in the stroma of the injured ovaries and alongside the supplementation of Taurine, injured ovarian function could be restored.
The investigation of antiviral mechanisms of chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin against Hepatitis C Virus genotype – 4a on human hepatoma cell lines
(MSA University, 2018) Ali Mohamed, Aya
Hepatitis C virus is the fifth common disease in the world with more than 170 infected people worldwide and poses high risk among Egyptian population as they are likely to develop severe liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nevertheless, current double and triple treatments with direct acting antivirals (DAAs) were recently reported to cause several side effects and thereby effective, less toxic antiviral agents are needed. Accordingly, this study aims at coupling in silico approaches with in vitro analysis in order to investigate and compare the role of some natural and synthetic antivirals; curcumin, chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and chitosan encapsulating curcumin nanocomposite against HCV-G4a replication in Huh7.5 cells and viral entry in Huh7 cells. Thereby, the selected compounds were subjected to molecular docking studies to determine their binding affinity towards NS3 protease, NS5A and NS5B polymerases prior to investigating their antiviral mechanisms against viral replication and viral entry. Additionally, the activity of such compounds was examined on both the molecular level on the targeted viral genes as well as the protein level on the viral core protein. Accordingly, it is expected to obtain reduction in viral replication as well as obstruction of viral entry after exploiting these compounds, especially the curcumin chitosan nanocomposite which suggests their potential roles as alternative, novel, safe and effective antiviral agents.
The diagnostic and prognostic utility of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in predicting rates of pregnancy success in female patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF)
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2018) Mohamed Mohamed Mostafa, Maryam
Infertility is a major social and health problem, where it directly affects couples, destroy futures, and end relationships. In Egypt, one of the main reasons of infertility, is the cervical erosion which is the presence of glandular cells on the outer surface of the cervix that results in cervical electrocautery and potentially causing infertility. Modern medicine focuses on the types of reliable treatments and cures for infertility such as, In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF). In the current study, the diagnostic capabilities of the Anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), are tested as a viable method to evaluate and predict fertility rates, as a method to enhance the (IVF) procedure; where the AMH levels correlate with the number of early antral follicles and correspond them with the ovarian response in (IVF). The results were produced by ELISA and Elecsys assay, in order to measure the AMH levels in the peripheral blood. through the test results it has been concluded that the (AMH) levels correlate directly to the levels of fertile egg production numbers in the ovaries. However, the (AMH) levels are indirectly proportional to the age of the patients, as the levels decrease as the patients' age increase. These results signify the importance of the (AMH) at the events of fertilization, and its potential uses in the enhancement of (IVF) procedures.
The biological activity of Golden berry extract as antioxidant, anti-microbial and anti-cancer activity
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2018) Gamal Mohamed Zaki, Mohammed
The Physalis peruviana is of great importance and vital phytochemical and nutritional properties, as its classified as one of the medicinal plants that posses great features as anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and anti-cancer properties, at which those features is found and rely on the specific nutrients the found in higher values with in the plants as total phenols, total flavonoids, total alkaloids, total tannins and DPPH as following 125.44, 6.39, 14.82 and 3.365, where the analysis of those extract structures reveals the high antioxidant and free radicals blockage features. Physalis peruviana also possess anti- microbial activates toward specific microbial and fungal strains where performing microbial disc diffusion test reveals the high activity by its inhibition zone as following 17.15, 12.46 and 7.5 for each of bacillus, E. coli and A. Niger. Also, Physalis peruviana possess anti-cancer activity as the analysis of the golden beery extract toward boss Lung cancer and colon cancer as high neutral red viability assay was found in cases of colon cancer of 94 % and low neutral red viability assay in case of lung cancer of 66.0% for the highest concentration 800μg/ml across variety of concentrations.
The Biological activity of Conocarpus erectus extracts and their application as cytotoxic agents
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2018) Talaat Helmy Othman Ali, Aseel
Essential oils are found to have multiple active components which can show in vitro cytotoxic action against various cancerous cell lines. This study reports the in vitro cytotoxic effects of the essential oil from Conocarpus erectus (Combretaceae) growing wild in Egypt. Water-distilled essential oil of C. erectus was examined for its cytotoxic effects using a modified brine shrimp and MTT assays. Fresh leaves aerial part of C. erectus was subjected to hydro distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatusvolatile to obtain its volatile oil. Cytotoxicity of the essential oil was measured against HepG2 cancer cells and brine shrimps larva. The essential oil 50% cytotoxic concentrations were found to be 33μg/ml and 8.7μg/ml against brine shrimp and human liver carcinoma HepG2 cell line, respectively; thus the volatile oil displayed good cytotoxic action against the human tumor cell line. Moreover, C. erectus methanol extract was very effective; it exhibited cytotoxic activity against brine shrimp larva within IC50 value of 15μg/ml. The investigation from GC Mass, led to the identification of 12 constituents, representing 97.53% of the total oil, of which the major chemical constituents were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry as being rich in 3-(2,2 dimethylpropylid ene)bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,4-dione (3) (67.12%), (decanoic acid derevatives (11) (7.77%), 22-tritetracontanone (12) (6.03%), 1- octanol, 2-butyl- (2) (5.51%) and oleic acid (6) (4.33%). This is the first report on anticancer potential and separation of essential oils from C. erectus. The findings of this study necessitate the need for further consideration of this essential oil in anti-neoplastic chemotherapy.
Studies of the biological activity of cassia fistula.
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2018) Atef Moaatamed, Shurouk
Cancer has been the most dreadful disease from ages till now. However, with the passage of time it been more understood its mechanism, types, some causing factors, and way of its cell duplication. By the progress of science there are now more than one available method for treatment, diagnosis or prevention of cancer. But this progress did not reach till now cheap, fast and effective specific targeting treatment for all types or even one type. For this aim, the field of searching for alternative natural compound extracted from plants to replace those expensive non effective targeting compounds has been wider and advanced. One of familiar plant families is Leguminosae specifically class of Cassia Fistula plant. This type of plant has been examined to ensure its biological activity and by detecting and analysis it show anticancer activity against cell line of liver cancer; hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2. What differ those phytocompounds over commonly used synthetic element is their safety on normal cells. Using brine shrimp eggs and larva was to check the cytotoxicity and cell viability of the compounds that analyzed by GC/MS to identify those phytocompound.C. fistula volatile oil extract was able to inhibit proliferation for HepG2 cancer cell lines at 3.05 ± 0.08μg/ml. The methanolic and oil extracts of Cassia fistula showed good brine shrimp larvicidal activity with lethality concentration (LC50) of 15 and 55 μg/mL, respectively. Finally using GC-MS, the essential oil compounds were identified, whereas39compounds produces and accounted for 90.46% of the total oil, the major compound was compoundsulfurous acid; cyclohexyl-methyl octadecyl ester (21.62%).
Selection, Characterization and Application of Bioemulsifiers Produced by certain Bacteria Isolated from Egyptian Habitats.
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2018) Sayed Abd El-aziz Mohamed, Aya
In the first part of this project 59 bacterial strains were isolated from different Egyptian habitats and studied for their biosurfactant/bioemulsifier activities when were grown on one type of culture medium. In this part (the second part) 17 active strains from those of the first part were selected and studied during the second part of this research project. The 17 bacterial strains were identified down to genus as follows: Corynebacterium (5 strains), Bacillus (5 strains), Arthrobacter (3 strains), Acinetobacter (2 strains) and Pseudomonas (2 srains). The results show that strains of the Corynebacterium and Bacillus were more surface active especially strains MSA 59, MSA 53, MSA 28, and MSA 5 (124.0±6.4 – 176.7±0.0 cm2 ODA). Other strains were of moderate to weak surface active. The results also show that all of the 17 bacterial strains were able to emulsify spent motor oil and crude petroleum oil with E24 of 56.1-100% E24 (except 2 strains of 48.1-48.6 E24). This indicates that these active strains may represent promising candidate in petroleum industries. The results of the emulsification activity 8 selected bacterial strains as affected by the addition of different vegetable oil show that used frying oil followed by corn oil were promising for obtaining high surface activities by the selected 8 strains. It was observed that the surface activities are differing from strain to strain and from oil to oil as substrates. As a result of this study Corynebacterium strains and Bacillus may be selected for further studies. Other strains are weak to moderate surface active, but at the same time they showed higher emulsification activities especially for spent motor oil. The results also that waste frying oil and nutrient broth without oil. One of the Bacillus strains (MSA 53) was of surface and emulsification activities was selected and studied for the effect of different pH values and different sodium chloride concentration of the emulsification activity (E24%). The results show that no significant variation between the different pH and the different Nacl concentration.
Relationship between diabetes and natural killer cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its relation to infection
(MSA University, 2018) Abdelnasser Saad Zaghloul, Amira
Diabetes is a fast-growing health problem in Egypt with a considerable effect on health care resources, mortality, and morbidity. Diabetes is acknowledged by a disease in which the ability of the body to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired, leading to abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood. The study will be done by testing blood of 12 individuals by collecting blood samples from them and test natural killer cells in the diabetic patients and healthy people. The aim of this study is determining the relation between natural killer cells and diabetes and its role in control group, diabetic patients and complicated diabetic patients and its relation to infection. Lastly, results shown that natural killer cells are less in diabetic patients than normal people. This decrease in the natural killer cells makes diabetic patients susceptible to infections more than normal ones.
QuEChERS Method Followed by dispersed Solid Phase Extraction Method for Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Milk
(MSA University, 2018) Mokhlis Harraz, Esraa
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) commonly refers to a large class of organic compounds containing two or more fused aromatic rings made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. PAHs are formed and released during incomplete combustion or pyrolysis (burning) of organic matter such as waste or food, during industrial processes, fuel burning and other human activities. PAHs are also formed in natural processes, such as carbonization. This study aimed to determine the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in both commercial packed milk and raw milk from several cities all over Egypt. It was found that the concentrations of PAHs in the raw milk was higher than commercial packed milk. A number of PAHs have shown carcinogenic effects in experimental animals and it has been concluded that benzo[a]pyrene is carcinogenic to humans. The analysis was carried using a modified QuEChERS procedure followed by injection on gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that 88% of packaged milk contained one or more compound of PAH, and in raw milk 93% of the samples contained one or more compound of PAH. The specificity and sensitivity of GC/MS technique was highly significant of approximately 99%. The applicability of gas chromatography was clear, mostly allPAHs compounds were detected and analyzed properly.
Production of Antibiotics from Soil-Isolated Actinomycetes and Evaluation of their Antimicrobial Activities.
(MSA University, 2018) Magdy Mohamed, Nourhan
The scourge of bacterial infections and diseases has continued to haunt humanity worldwide despite the significant efforts made to understand and treat them. Antibiotics are the usual treatment for such serious bacterial infections. Bacteria are very adaptable, and the overuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of MDR strains that can no longer be controlled with the usual antibiotics. This has led to the search of novel antibiotics from different sources. The secondary metabolites, especially those isolated from soil inhabitant Actinomycetes have shown an astonishing success for the production of novel effective antibiotics that are harmless to the host tissues. Combination of antibiotics is an effective approach for the elevation of antibiotics’ efficiency and demotion of their side effects. In the course of screening for antibiotic producing microorganisms, fourteen isolates showing antimicrobial activity were isolated from a total of thirty three soil samples collected from various habitats in 6th of October city. Several biochemical tests were performed in order to identify the isolated Actinomycetes which were based on Bergey’s manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity was evaluated by Agar Plug Diffusion, and Broth Dilution methods. The MIC of the soil isolated Actinomycetes was calculated with a value of 0.27 as means of optical density. Finally, the soil isolated Actinomycetes were combined with semi-synthetic Penicillin and Erythromycin to evaluate their synergistic effect against some pathogenic bacterial strains which were B. subtilis, E. coli, and Staph. aureus. Antibiotics combinations showed higher inhibitory effects than when each of them was used alone which proves that combinations of antibiotics is a promising strategy for treating severe bacterial infections and can be the solution for the MDR bacterial strains.
Plasma renin activity in Egyptian hypertensive patients
(MSA University, 2018) Ashraf Mokhtar, Noha
Background and Purpose: Hypertension is one of the most prevalent disease states that occur in approximately one in three adults. Hypertension is a major cause of morbidity and mortality because of its association with coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and renal disease. Plasma renin activity (PRA) is a surrogate of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity and potentially serves as a biomarker for hypertension. The relationship between plasma renin activity (PRA) and hypertension still unclear moreover, no previous studies has been assessed their relationship on Egyptian hypertensive patients. Thereby, the purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between plasma renin activity (PRA) levels and the occurrence of hypertension in Egyptian patients. Methods: Plasma renin activity (PRA) was measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique in 30 patients (16 males and 14 females), ranging in age from 17 to 63 years. Results: In systolic blood pressure (SBP) group, patients with high systolic blood pressure (stage 2) and hypertensive crises tended to have high plasma renin activity (PRA) levels than those normal individuals. Also, patients with high diastolic blood pressure greater (stage 2) had higher levels of plasma renin than patients with normal blood pressure. Conclusion: Based on the results, a strong and direct relationship between plasma renin activity (PRA) and hypertension was observed.
Optimization of the Production of Cry1Ac Protein from Bacillus Thuringiensis
(MSA University, 2018) Khaled Al Khamissi, Bahaa
Bacillus thuringiensis is the most commonly used biopesticide producer in the biological control market. Due to the increase of insect resistance from chemical pesticide and the environmental impact it causes, biopesticide are becoming more and more popular. It is very critical for the for the biopesticide industry to produce the highest yield of protein in the fermentation process in order to reduce its cost and to compete with the chemical pesticide industry. This research’s aim is to tackle this problem and to improve and optimize the fermentation process by changing its components and environmental conditions in which the bacteria is cultured for maximum efficacy and production. The toxin produced is Cry1Ac produced from the strain DI29 from Bacillus thuringiensis and its toxicity was tested on the insect Spodoptera littolaris.
Monitoring the anti-cancer potential of gold nanoparticles under the influence of electroporation and ultra-low electromagnetic field (ULEMF) frequencies relative to time on colon cancer cell-lines (HCT-116)
(MSA University, 2018) Attia Abdelrauof Attia, Alaa
The use of nanotechnology in cancer therapy is based on the usage of molecules that can affect cancerous cells as well as mitochondrial membrane in order to induce cancer cell programmed death. This method has shown overwhelming effects; hence the target of this project is to evaluate the role of gold nanoparticles’ anti-cancer potential under the effect of electroporation, in addition to the effect of ultra low electromagnetic field (ULEMF) frequencies on HCT 116 colon cancer cell line. It was noticed that this method of using ULEMF displayed a higher potential of anti-cancer activity than the use of gold nanoparticles used single handed (engulfed endocytosis). At the same time cell apoptosis that is accompanied with high percentage of cell arrest in case of treatment with electroporation, gold nanoparticles as well as electromagnetic field of 50 mT for 30 mins showed the best results in comparison with other treatments. Also, it has been signified that the usage of these treatment combinations resulted in a highly elevated gene expression of pro-apoptotic genes (P53, Bax) and down regulation of anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2). It was also noticed that an arrest of cells occurred at the G2/M phase compared to other treatment regimes. Data recorded revealed that the use of gold nanoparticles, electroporation and electromagnetic field in a dose dependent manner can increase apoptosis and necrosis [200v]- [25 mT— 50 mT]. It can be suggested that the use of electromagnetic field as well as, gold nanoparticles and electroporation can be a promising tool for cancer management.
Investigation of the Anticancer Effect of Azurin Produced from Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
(MSA University, 2018) El Fouly, Sherry
Azurin is a low molecular weight protein and member of the Cupredoxin family, it is produced by the bacteria Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, and it is a natural scaffold protein that has antiparasitic, antiviral, and, most notably, anti-cancerous properties. In the course of this study, 5 Pseudomonas Aeruginosa isolates were provided by the University of Mansoura and 4 screening processes took place, including gram stain, gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE, and electron microscopy, all in search for the isolate with the optimum azurin producing ability. 1 isolate was chosen for further testing against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Azurin was investigated for its ability to decrease cell viability and increase DNA damage. Azurin was shown to be an anticancer agent which achieves its ability by interacting with multiple targets and interfering in multiple steps in the progression of cancer, such as inhibiting P-Cadherin expression, increasing p53, reducing VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase activity and interfering in the receptor tyrosine kinase EphB2-mediated signaling process.
Incidence of Cytogenetic abnormalities in female infertility
(MSA University, 2018) Ali Yassine, Nada
Background: Infertility is a common problem and may affect up to 15% of all couples. Genetic disorder is considered to be the commonest correctable cause of female infertility. Their incidence among infertile female is 20-40% – about three times greater than in the general population. Aim: This study aims to report the incidence of cytogenetic abnormalities in female infertility and to report karyotype abnormality with AMH hormone levels. Patients and Methods: 50 infertile females were included. All- purpose clinical records and blood samples were obtained according to WHO criteria. Different levels of AMH were detected using Vidas techniques. Karyotyping was done using conventional method, and Lucia computerized software. Results: Among 50 infertile females; 37/50 females had normal karyotypewhile, 13/50 females had abnormal karyotype. Patients with abnormal karyotype with AMH hormonal levels; 4/13 (30.8%) were very low, 2/13 (15.4%) were low fertility, 2/13 (15.4%) were satisfactory and 5/13 (38.5%) were optimal fertility levels. From 13infertile patients with abnormal karyotype; 10/13 (76.9%) patients were46,XY [20], while1/13(7.7%) were 46,XX[15]/45,X[5], 1/13(7.7%) were 46,XX[6]/45,X[14] and 1/13 (7.7%) were 46,XX[10]/45,X[10]karyotype.Conclusion:Cytogenetic abnormalities are an important cause of female infertility. That karyotype analysis in both partners should be performed for infertile couples. Genetic testing and genetic counseling in infertile couples attending assisted reproduction are important to recognize the cause of infertility, but also to evaluate the reproductive risk of couples with genetic abnormalities that may be transmitted to the offspring.
Incidence and risk exposure of nitrate and nitrite of Egyptian fruits and vegetables
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2018) Aly Mahmoud, Aliaa
Nitrosamine is the derived from nitrate and it seems as one of the factors and causes of gastrointestinal cancer in adults and methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome). Eighty percent of nitrate enters to the body through vegetables and fruits; so in this study, nitrate concentration in available vegetables and fruits in Egypt was determined and compared with standard limit. Nitrate reading was done using HPLC, and Excel was used to draw diagrams and statistical calculations. Daily intake estimates were based on a national food consumption and nitric/nitrate content in various foodstuffs. The mean intake of nitrite from Squash was exceeded the ADI among 110 vegetable commodity, with EDI value of o.1mg/kg for children body weight and Fresh strawberry with EDI value of 3.6 for adult body weight. And the water commodity with high and significant EDI for both body weight.

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