A Critical Review of Analytical Methods for Rocuronium Quantification: Comparative Evaluation of Eco-Friendliness, Applicability and Performance

Abstract

This review provides a critical evaluation of several analytical methods developed over the last two decades for the quantification of Rocuronium (ROC), either alone or in combination, in different matrices. The existing literature describes various analytical techniques for ROC analysis, such as spectrofluorimetric, electrochemical, chromatographic, capillary electrophoretic, and mass-spectrometric. However, no published study has assessed and compared these methods in terms of their analytical performance, eco-friendliness, sustainability and applicability. This review employs six assessment tools to evaluate the alignment of the reported analytical methods with the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) and White Analytical Chemistry (WAC). The tools are: Complex modified green analytical procedure index (ComplexMoGAPI) and Analytical GREEnness Metric (AGREE) to evaluate the greenness, Blueness Assessment Graphical Index (BAGI) to assess the applicability of the method (blueness), and Red Analytical Performance Index (RAPI) for the analytical performance (redness). Finally, the Red-Green-Blue model (RGB-12 algorithm) and Multi-Color Assessment (MA) Tool were employed, which provide a unified “whiteness score” which reflects the degree of sustainability of the method. By evaluating the strengths, limitations, eco-friendliness, applicability, innovation, performance and sustainability of the reported methods, this review establishes a novel, comprehensive framework to guide decision-making in analytical method selection and development.