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Item Eco-friendly production of biodiesel from Carthamus tinctorius L. seeds using bismuth oxide nanocatalysts derived from Cannabis sativa L. Leaf extract(Institution of Chemical Engineers, 2024-08) Abbasi, Tehreem Usman; Ahmad, Mushtaq; Alsahli, Abdulaziz Abdullah; Asma, Maliha; b, Rozina; Mussagy, Cassamo Ussemane; Abdellatief, Tamer M.M; Pastore, Carlo; Mustafa, AhmadGlobal challenges in environmental protection, social welfare, and economic growth necessitate increased energy production and related services. Biofuel production from waste biomass presents a promising solution, given its widespread availability. This study focuses on converting highly potent Carthamus tinctorius L. seed oil (51 % w/w) into sustainable biofuel using a novel, highly reactive, recyclable, and eco-friendly bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nano-catalyst derived from Cannabis sativa L. leaf extract. The physio-chemical properties of the synthesized biodiesel were analyzed using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, the green Bi2O3 nanoparticles were characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Diffraction X-Ray (EDX), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Optimal conditions for biodiesel production were determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in combination with Central Composite Design (CCD), focusing on molar ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction duration. The highest output (94 %) of C. tinctorius-derived biodiesel (CTBD) was achieved under the following conditions: a temperature (75 °C) for time duration (100 min), a methanol to oil ratio (6:1), and a catalyst loading (0.69 wt%). The resulting biodiesel met international standards, with a sulphur content of 0.00097 wt%, and an acid value of (0.34 mg KOH/g). This study demonstrates that converting C. tinctorius waste seed oil into clean bioenergy is an effective waste management strategy that minimizes environmental impact.Item Optimizing the magnetic field strength and concentration of silica coated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia(Elsevier B.V, 2024-09) Iqbal, Yousaf; Shah, Waqar Hussain; Khan, Muhammad Yaqoob; Ahmed, Pervaiz; Qureshi, Muhammad Tauseef; Khaled, Azza Mohamed; Salem, Marwa SyedA therapeutic breakthrough in cancer treatment has recently been made by using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for heating in hyperthermia therapy. Unapproachable tumors are being effectively destroyed by focused heat produced by MNPs. The major challenges regarding practical application of this therapy include the control and improvement of induction heating ability of MNPs and hyperthermia temperature range between 42–47 °C, for secure treatment at targeted area. Here, in this study, we have reported the synthesis and characterization of core–shell structured silica-coated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (SiO2 coated CoFe2O4 MNPs), which are potential candidates for use as heat source in magnetic hyperthermia therapy. The SiO2 coated CoFe2O4 MNPs were synthesized using the reverse micelle method, with the SiO2 coating performed simultaneously during MNP synthesis. Various analytical tools were utilized for the characterization. The structural measurements were probed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Monodisperse MNPs with nearly spherical core–shell structure was revealed by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results. The average diameter of MNPs obtained from TEM analysis was 15 nm. The surface coating of cobalt ferrite MNPs with silica was verified by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The saturation magnetization values obtained using vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements were 45.74 emu/g, revealing the superparamagnetic nature of the nanoparticles. The heating efficiency of different concentrations of synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated in an aqueous solution under an alternating magnetic field of strength 5.5 kA/m at a frequency of 260 kHz. A saturation temperature of 42 °C was attained at an optimum concentration of 1.7 mg/mL, while a magnetic field strength of 3.9 kA/m achieved 42 °C at a fixed concentration of 3.5 mg/ml. The obtained specific absorption rate (SAR) values for all the samples were between 56.23 to 100.1 W/g. The correlation between SAR values, MNP concentration, and applied magnetic field strength was also examined. The high saturation magnetization, efficient heating rates, and high SAR values make our synthesized silica-coated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles promising candidates for magnetic hyperthermia treatments, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes for cancer patients.Item The antitumour efficacy of hesperidin vs. cisplatin against non‑small lung cancer cells A549 and H460 via targeting the miR‑34a/PD-L1/NF-κB signalling pathway(Termedia Publishing House Ltd, 2024-08) Ibrahim, Sherine M; Sayed, Maryam S; Abo-Elmatty, Dina M; Mesbah, Noha M; Abdel-Hamed, Asmaa RIntroduction: Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer, causing worldwide mortality. Therefore, this study is necessary for continuing research into new effective and safe treatments. Recently, herbal medicines have been used for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer. This study aimed to investigate the potential anti-proliferative activity and investigate the mechanisms of hesperidin extract on the non-small lung cancer cells A549 and H460 vs. cisplatin via targeting the miR 34a/PD-L1/NF-κB signalling pathway. Material and methods: To determine the cytotoxic effects of the hesperidin extract on non-small lung cancer cells, sulphorhdamine B assay was performed. To show the inhibition of migration by hesperidin extract, wound healing assay was conducted. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction test was used to quantify the expressions of miR-34a, programmed cell death ligand-1 (PDL-1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and P53 genes, which are involved in apoptosis pathway. Also, cell cycle assay was performed by using a flow cytometer. Results: The hesperidin extract could significantly inhibit proliferation of non-small lung cancer cells A549 and H460. Western blot assay demonstrated that hesperidin induced suppression of nuclear factor κB signalling pathway. The messenger RNA expression levels of MiR-34a and P53 were up-regulated significantly by hesperidin treatment, while the EGFR and P53 genes were down-regulated. The flow cytometer confirmed that cell cycle arrest occurred at the sub-G1 and G2 phases in A549 and H460, respectively. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that hesperidin extract could significantly inhibit non-small lung cancer cell growth by induction of the apoptosis signalling pathway. Therefore, hesperidin might open novel strategies for effective and safe cancer treatment and reduce the adverse side effects of several chemotherapeutic treatments such as cisplatin.Item Chromosomal instability: a key driver in glioma pathogenesis and progression(BioMed Central Ltd, 2024-09) Mazzoleni, Adele; Awuah, Wireko Andrew; Sanker, Vivek; Bharadwaj, Hareesha Rishab; Aderinto, Nicholas; Tan, Joecelyn Kirani; Huang, Helen Ye Rim; Poornaselvan, Jeisun; Shah, Muhammad Hamza; Atallah, Oday; Tawfk, Aya; Elmanzalawi, Mohamed Elsayed Abdelmeguid Elsayed; Ghozlan, Sama Hesham; Abdul‑Rahman, Toufk; Moyondafoluwa, Jeremiah Adepoju; Alexiou, Athanasios; Papadakis, MariosChromosomal instability (CIN) is a pivotal factor in gliomas, contributing to their complexity, progression, and thera‑ peutic challenges. CIN, characterized by frequent genomic alterations during mitosis, leads to genetic abnormali‑ ties and impacts cellular functions. This instability results from various factors, including replication errors and toxic compounds. While CIN’s role is well documented in cancers like ovarian cancer, its implications for gliomas are increasingly recognized. CIN infuences glioma progression by afecting key oncological pathways, such as tumor sup‑ pressor genes (e.g., TP53), oncogenes (e.g., EGFR), and DNA repair mechanisms. It drives tumor evolution, promotes infammatory signaling, and afects immune interactions, potentially leading to poor clinical outcomes and treatment resistance. This review examines CIN’s impact on gliomas through a narrative approach, analyzing data from Pub‑ Med/Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus. It highlights CIN’s role across glioma subtypes, from adult glioblastomas and astrocytomas to pediatric oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas. Key fndings include CIN’s efect on tumor heterogeneity and its potential as a biomarker for early detection and monitoring. Emerging therapies tar‑ geting CIN, such as those modulating tumor mutation burden and DNA damage response pathways, show promise but face challenges. The review underscores the need for integrated therapeutic strategies and improved bioinfor‑ matics tools like CINdex to advance understanding and treatment of gliomas. Future research should focus on com‑ bining CIN-targeted therapies with immune modulation and personalized medicine to enhance patient outcomes.Item Cinema in the Levant(Taylor and Francis, 2024-06) Salah El Din, RehamThe Levant region, which includes Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine, has a diverse history with various linguistic, religious, and ethnic communities. Filmmakers in these countries share common themes that highlight the unique features of film production in the Levant region, and Levant cinema is generally united by its focus on war and political turmoil. Despite not being as prolific as Egyptian cinema, Levant cinema has won numerous international film festival awards and showcases the region's diverse cultures. Overall, it is a rich and complex tapestry reflecting the realities of life in a war-torn region.Item Development of the cinema industry in Egypt(Taylor and Francis, 2024-06) El Zahed, HalaThis chapter provides an overview of the major milestones in the history of Egyptian cinema. It also sheds light on the recent obstacles halting the development of the film sector in Egypt. These include the high cost of film production due to the reliance on imported equipment, thereby increasing rental costs and filming expenses. Also, a handful of production companies have monopolized film production, while the rise of online streaming services and piracy remain challenging for the industry. The inability of production companies to secure financial liquidity prevents them from producing high-budget films. To bounce back, the Egyptian cinema sector must address the high cost, the dominance of certain celebrities, and other challenges.Item Editorial: Inflammatory tumor microenvironment: role of cytokines and virokines in breast cancer progression and metastasis(Frontiers Media SA, 2024-06) Mohamed, Hossam Taha; El-Shinawi, Mohamed; Mohamed, Mona MostafaVarious factors contributing to breast cancer progression and metastasis (Feng et al., 2018; Park et al., 2022). One of these factors is the presence of inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME), which composed of cellular components (e.g., cancer cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, mast cells) and non-cellular components (e.g., extracellular matrix proteins, cytokines, chemokines, signal molecules), and it differs significantly from the normal tissue microenvironment in terms of low vascular density, hypoxia, weak acidity, and reducibility (Zarrilli et al., 2020). Breast cancer cells control the function of TME components via the expression of cytokines that can increase selfproliferation, growth, and treatment resistance in an autocrine form, and encourage recruitment, activation, and differentiation of other cells in the TME in a paracrine approach as IL-6, IL-8, and even VEGF (Malla and Kiran, 2022; Nengroo et al., 2022; Habanjar et al., 2023).Item Physalis peruviana fruit bioactive compounds(Elsevier, 2024-01) Ezzat, Shahira M; Salama, Maha MThe top world producers of Physalis peruviana L. fruits are Colombia and South Africa; also it is widely cultivated in Egypt, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Ecuador, and Peru. The plant grows wild giving an edible round, small berry fruit enclosed within a papery calyx. The fruit is distinguished by producing ethylene at a high rate. P. peruviana fruits have been exclusively studied due to their nutritional and bioactive metabolites, in addition to their folk medicine uses as an antiasthmatic, diuretic, sedative, analgesic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer agents as well as in diabetes and diabetic neuropathy management. This chapter reviews the bioactive metabolites of P. peruviana that have been identified or isolated from fruits worldwide. The major metabolites reported with pharmacological activities are withanolides, carotenoids, fixed oil, and minerals in addition to phenolics—the largest class in the fruit—to which most of the biological activities are attributed.Item Subtitling strategies of swear words in the stand-up comedy Mo Amer: Muhammad in Texas(Babel-Verlag, 2024-05) Al Sawi, IslamStand-up comedies often employ swear words as a technique to create audience rapport and playful discourse. However, translators face significant challenges in subtitling swear words in these performances for conservative cultures, such as Arabic. This research uses a qualitative and quantitative approach to analyze the Netflix special Mo Amer: Muhammad in Texas to identify swear words, their Arabic subtitles, and the subtitling strategies used and their frequency, utilizing Ljung's (2011) swear words' classification and Khoshsaligheh and Ameri's (2014) subtitling framework. The results revealed that among the 174 identified swear words, "fuck"and "shit"were the most frequently used, at 52% and 16% respectively. Translators employed euphemism, deletion, and taboo to non-taboo strategies, with euphemism emerging as the most predominant at 44%. The strategy of subtitling via taboo to taboo was not used when rendering swear words into Arabic, probably due to cultural considerations for the audience. The findings enhance cross-cultural subtitling practices for stand-up comedy and promote inclusive and engaging experiences for diverse audiences. Further implications are discussed.Item Investigation of Antiviral Effects of Essential Oils(wiley, 2024-01) Mustafa, Ahmad; El-Kashef, Dina H; Abdelwahab, Miada F; Gomaa, Alshymaa Abdel-Rahman; Mustafa, Muhamad; Abdel-Wahab, Nada M; Ibrahim, Alyaa HEssential oils (EOs) represent one of the most interesting natural products obtained from various aromatic plants. Their effective use in many industries including pharmaceuticals, agriculture, perfumes and food is predominantly attributed to their distinctive aroma and intriguing bioactivities. The chemical profile of these agents exhibited the presence of a variety of volatile constituents that are mainly classified into terpenes and oxygenated compounds. In fact, most of the EOs and essential oil components (EOCs) have received considerable attention in the last years, owing to their promising biological activities, for instance antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antispasmodic, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. This chapter emphasizes particularly the potential antiviral effect of EOs by reviewing some recent literature. It illustrates the different methods implemented to investigate the in vitro antiviral activity of both EOs and EOCs, as well as their mechanisms of action. In addition, the efficacy of EOs against several viral infections affecting human body systems, some plants and animals is also highlighted. Besides, this chapter gives insights into the application of nanoencapsulation technology to improve EOs bioavailability and hence their antiviral efficacy.