Synthesis of rice husk-loaded chitosan nanoparticles for treatment of amikacin-induced kidney injury in male rats

Abstract

The main causes of amikacin-induced kidney damage are inflammation and oxidative stress. Although rice husks are full of bioactive components that have therapeutic uses, their instability and low bioavailability limit their use. Chitosan nanoparticles improve the stability and bioactivity of phytochemicals by offering an effective drug delivery method. The study aimed to prepare and characterize rice husk-loaded chitosan NPs and evaluate their therapeutic effects against amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity. Ionic gelation was used to create NPs, which were then examined using transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering. In vitro tests were performed to evaluate their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Male rats were divided into: negative control, positive control, amikacin-induced kidney injured rats treated with rice husks extract, chitosan NPs or rice husk-loaded chitosan NPs. Gas chromatography verified that rice husks phytochemicals were successfully loaded on chitosan NPs. Rice husk-loaded chitosan NPs had a consistent zeta potential (~58.6 mV) and a nanoscale size (~76.7 nm). When compared to rice husk extract or chitosan NPs, rice husk-loaded chitosan NPs showed better anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In vivo, rice husk-loaded chitosan NPs significantly restored kidney function biomarkers, lowered oxidative stress and inflammation. In conclusion, rice husk-loaded chitosan NPs is a nephroprotective treatment.