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A Study on the Potential of Valorizing Sargassum latifolium into Biofuels and Sustainable Value-Added Products
(International Journal of Biomaterials : wiley, 2024) Nour Sh. El-Gendy; Mohamed Hosny; Abdallah R. Ismail; Ahmad A. Radwan; Basma A. Ali; Hager R. Ali; Radwa A. El-Salamony; Khaled M. Abdelsalam; Manal Mubarak
To increase the limited commercial utility and lessen the negative environmental effects of the massive growth of brown macroalgae, this work illustrates the feasibility of valorizing the invasively proliferated Sargassum latifolium into different value-added products. The proximate analysis recommends its applicability as a solid biofuel with a sufficient calorific value (14.82 ± 0.5 MJ/kg). It contains 6.00 ± 0.07% N + P2O5 + K2O and 29.61 ± 0.05% organic C. Its nutritional analysis proved notable carbohydrate, ash, protein, and fiber contents with a rational amount of lipid and a considerable amount of beneficial macronutrients and micronutrients, with a low concentration of undesirable heavy metals. That recommends its application in the organic fertilizer, food, medicine, and animal fodder industries. A proposed eco-friendly sequential integrated process valorized its biomass into 77.6 ± 0.5 mg/g chlorophyll, 180 ± 0.5 mg/g carotenoids, 5.86 ± 0.5 mg/g fucoxanthin, 0.93 ± 0.5 mg/g β-carotene, 21.97 ± 0.5% (w/w) alginate, and 16.40 ± 0.5% (w/w) cellulose, with different industrial and bioprocess applications. Furthermore, Aspergillus galapagensis SBWF1, Mucor hiemalis SBWF2, and Penicillium oxalicum SBWF3 (GenBank accession numbers OR636487, OR636488, and OR636489) have been isolated from its fresh biomass. Those showed wide versatility for hydrolyzing and saccharifying its polysaccharides. A Gram-negative Stutzerimonas stutzeri SBB1(GenBank accession number OR764547) has also been isolated with good capabilities to ferment the produced pentoses, hexoses, and mannitol from the fungal saccharification, yielding 0.25 ± 0.014, 0.26 ± 0.018, and 0.37 ± 0.020 g ethanol/g algal biomass, respectively. Furthermore, in a pioneering step for valuing the suggested sequential biomass hydrolysis and bioethanol fermentation processes, the spent waste S. latifolium disposed of from the saccharification process has been valorized into C-dots with potent biocidal activity against pathogenic microorganisms.
Animal bone affluence in environmental reclamation: Biodiesel production, petro-diesel biodesulfurization and wastewater photo-treatment
(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 3/3/2021) Nassar, Hussein N; Ismail, Abdallah R; El‐Salamony, Radwa A; Aboelazayem, Omar; Abu Amr, Salem A; El‐Gendy, Nour Sh
This study provides a new emphasis for research on the valorization of biowastes into nanocatalyst and biorefineries to be integrated with petroleum bioupgrading and polluted water treatment. The response surface optimized batch transesterification of waste-frying oil using methanol and sustainable animal bone valorized fluorapatite nanocatalyst (FAP) yielded approximately 97% biodiesel via a pseudo-second-order reaction with an efficient rate of 0.48 (mol L−1)−1min−1 and activation energy of 13.11 kJ mol−1. In a pioneering step, by-products of the starch industry and the biodiesel transesterification process; corn-steep liquor (CSL 0.2 g L−1) and bioglycerol (6.24 g L−1) as nitrogen and carbon sources, increased the dibenzothiophene biodesulfurization (BDS) efficiency of a novel biodesulfurizing Rhodococcus jialingiae strain HN3 (NCBI Gene Bank Accession No. MN173539) sixfold. Further, upon the application of such bioproducts in a batch BDS process (1/3 petro-diesel/water) of 96 h; HN3 desulfurized 82.26% of 0.62 wt.% sulfur without affecting the petro-diesel calorific value. In an attempt to reach zero waste, an auxiliary pioneering step was performed, where the spent waste FAP, after being efficiently used for four successive transesterification cycles, was applied to photo-remediate 4-nitrophenol polluted water under UV-irradiation. Advantageously, the fresh and spent waste FAP recorded the same photodegradation capabilities. Where they obeyed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model (R2 ≥ 0.966) recording the same rate constants (kapp 0.032 min−1) and were efficiently reused for four successive polluted-water treatment cycles. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Animal bone affluence in environmental reclamation: Biodiesel production, petro‐diesel biodesulfurization and wastewater photo‐treatment
(John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 44258) Nassar, Hussein N; Ismail, Abdallah R; El‐Salamony, Radwa A; Aboelazayem, Omar; Abu Amr, Salem A; El‐Gendy, Nour Sh
This study provides a new emphasis for research on the valorization of biowastes into nanocatalyst and biorefineries to be integrated with petroleum bioupgrading and polluted water treatment. The response surface optimized batch transesterification of waste‐frying oil using methanol and sustainable animal bone valorized fluorapatite nanocatalyst (FAP) yielded approximately 97% biodiesel via a pseudo‐second‐order reaction with an efficient rate of 0.48 (mol L−1)−1min−1 and activation energy of 13.11 kJ mol−1. In a pioneering step, by‐products of the starch industry and the biodiesel transesterification process; corn‐steep liquor (CSL 0.2 g L−1) and bioglycerol (6.24 g L−1) as nitrogen and carbon sources, increased the dibenzothiophene biodesulfurization (BDS) efficiency of a novel biodesulfurizing Rhodococcus jialingiae strain HN3 (NCBI Gene Bank Accession No. MN173539) sixfold. Further, upon the application of such bioproducts in a batch BDS process (1/3 petro‐diesel/water) of 96 h; HN3 desulfurized 82.26% of 0.62 wt.% sulfur without affecting the petro‐diesel calorific value. In an attempt to reach zero waste, an auxiliary pioneering step was performed, where the spent waste FAP, after being efficiently used for four successive transesterification cycles, was applied to photo‐remediate 4‐nitrophenol polluted water under UV‐irradiation. Advantageously, the fresh and spent waste FAP recorded the same photodegradation capabilities. Where they obeyed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model (R2 ≥ 0.966) recording the same rate constants (kapp 0.032 min−1) and were efficiently reused for four successive polluted‐water treatment cycles. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Bio-and oxo-degradable plastics: Insights on facts and challenges
(wiley online library, 2021-02) Abdelmoez, Wael; Dahab, Islam; Ragab, Esraa M; Abdelsalam, Omnia A; Mustafa, Ahmad
The global accumulation of single-use plastic bags made from nonbiodegradable plastics is the most concerning environmental issue nowadays. The utilization of biodegradable materials is a choice to reduce the environmental impact resulting from the use of plastic products. The utilization of renewable resources to produce fully biodegradable plastics is among the technologies used to overcome petroleum plastic's negative impact. On the other hand, the utilization of oxo-biodegradable plastics where prodegradant additives are incorporated in conventional plastics to promote their degradation under certain conditions has recently received much attention. This review discusses the types and challenges that face the implementation of biodegradable plastics technology that uses renewable resources. This review also covers the debate addressed in the literature about the biodegradability fate of oxobiodegradable plastic in the air, compost, soil, landfill, and marine. A comparative study included the potential published literature in the last 10 years was performed. Based on the discussed evidence in this review, it can be concluded that all literature agrees that the addition of pro-oxidant/prodegradants can accelerate the degradation of oxo-plastics to small fragments. However, the complete biodegradation of oxo-plastics by microorganisms remains in doubt. On the other hand, biopolymers produced from natural resources seem to be the future direction for plastics manufacturing especially single-use plastic bags
Biodesulfurization of refractory sulfur compounds in petro-diesel by a novel hydrocarbon tolerable strain Paenibacillus glucanolyticus HN4
(Springer, 44105) Nassar, Hussein N.; Abu Amr, Salem S.; El-Gendy, Nour Sh.
One of the main precursors of air pollution and acid rains is the presence of the recalcitrant thiophenic compounds, for example dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its derivatives in transportation fuels. In an attempt to achieve the worldwide regulations of ultra- low sulfur transportation fuels without affecting its hydrocarbon skeleton, a biphasic medium containing 100 mg/L DBT dissolved in n-hexadecane (1/4 oil/water v/v) used for enrichment and isolation of selective biodesulfurizing bacterium from an oil-polluted sediment sample collected from Egyptian Red Sea shoreline. The isolated bacterium is facultative anaerobe, motile, spore-former, and mesophile. It is genetically identified as Paenibacillus glucanolyticus strain HN4 (NCBI Gene Bank Accession No. MT645230). HN4 desulfurized DBT as a model of the recalcitrant thiophenic compounds without affecting its hydrocarbon skeleton via the 4S-pathway producing 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP) as a dead end product. HN4 substantiated to be a hydrocarbon tolerant, biosurfactants(s) producer, and endorsed unique enzymatic system capable of desulfurizing broad range of thiophenic compounds and expressed an efficient desulfurization activity against the recalcitrant alkylated DBTs. As far our knowledge, it is the first reported BDS study using P. glucanolyticus. Statistical optimization based on One-Factor-At-A-Time (OFAT) technique and response surface methodology (RSM) applied for elucidation of mathematical model correlations de- scribing and optimizing the effect of different physicochemical parameters on batch biphasic BDS process. That illustrated an approximate increase in BDS efficiency by 1.34 fold and recorded 94% sulfur removal in biphasic batch process at optimum operation conditions of 120 h, 0.14 wt% S-content model oil (DBT dissolved in n-hexadecane), 33.5 °C, pH7 and 1/1 oil/water phase ratio, and 147 rpm. Resting cells of HN4 in a biphasic reactor (1/1 v/v) decreased the sulfur content of a refractory thiophenic model oil (thiophene, benzothiophene, DBT, and alkylated DBT dissolved in n-hexadecane) from 0.14 to 0.027 wt%, and petro-diesel from 0.2 to 0.04 wt%, within 120 h, keeping the calorific value of the treated fuel intact. Consequently, that novel strain could be recommended as a promising candidate for BDS as complementary to hydrodesulfurization process in oil refinery.
Biodiesel Sustainability: Challenges and Perspectives
(Wiely, 2021-09) Nassar, Hussein N; Ismail, Abdallah R; El-Gendy, Nour Sh
The worldwide depletion of high‐quality oil reserves and the immense stringent environmental regulations force decision makers towards alternative biofuels. However, that comes in parallel with the worldwide water scarcity and food versus fuel problems. So for achieving secured economy, sustainable clean energy, overcoming the problem of climate change, ensuring safe lands for food, and preserving oil crops for humans, it is important to produce such biofuels using non‐edible feedstock. This chapter discusses in brief the history of biodiesel development as an example of ecofriendly, biodegradable, non‐toxic and sustainable biofuels. It emphasizes the production of biodiesel from waste oils and fats using sustainable heterogeneous catalysts. It ends with the challenges and opportunities for reaching a feasible transesterification process producing high yield of qualified biodiesel suitable to be used as alternative and/or complementary to the conventional petro‐diesel without affecting engine performance.
Biokinetic Aspects for Biocatalytic Remediation of Xenobiotics Polluted Seawater
(NIH, 2020) Younis, S A; El-Gendy, N Sh; Nassar, H N
Aims: This research was conducted to investigate the biocatalytic remediation of xenobiotics polluted seawater using two biocatalysts; whole bacterial cells of facultative aerobic halotolerant Corynebacterium variabilis Sh42 and its extracted crude enzymes. Methods and results: One-Factor-at-A-Time technique and statistical analysis were applied to study the effect of initial substrate concentrations, pH, temperature, and initial biocatalyst concentrations on the batch biocatalytic degradation of three xenobiotic pollutants (2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP), catechol and benzoic acid) in artificial seawater (salinity 3·1%). HPLC and gas-chromatography mass spectroscopy analyses were utilized to illustrate the quantitative removal of the studied aromatic xenobiotic pollutants and their catabolic pathway. The results revealed that the microbial and enzymatic cultures followed substrate inhibition kinetics. Yano and Koga's equation showed the best fit for the biokinetic degradation rates of 2-HBP and benzoic acid, whereas Haldane biokinetic model adequately expressed the specific biodegradation rate of catechol. The biokinetic results indicated the good efficiency and tolerance of crude enzyme for biocatalytic degradation of extremely high concentrations of aromatic pollutants than whole C. variabilis Sh42 cells. The monitored by-products indicated that the catabolic degradation pathway followed an oxidation mechanism via a site-specific monooxygenase enzyme. Benzoic acid and catechol were identified as major intermediates in the biodegradation pathway of 2-HBP, which were then biodegraded through meta-cleavage to 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde. With time elapsed, the semialdehyde product was further biodegraded to acetaldehyde and pyruvic acid, which would be further metabolized via the bacterial TCA cycle. Conclusion: The batch enzymatic bioreactors performed superior-specific biocatalytic degradation rates for all the studied xenobiotic pollutants. Significance and impact of the study: The enzymatic system of C. variabilis Sh42 is tolerable for toxic xenobiotics and different physicochemical environmental parameters. Thus, it can be recommended as an effective biocatalyst for biocatalytic remediation of xenobiotics polluted seawater
Biosynthesized magnetite nanoparticles as an environmental opulence and sustainable wastewater treatment
(Elsevier, 2021-02) El-Gendy, Nour Sh.; Nassar, Hussein N.
This review emphasizes the win-win one-pot valorization process of different waste biomass that composed of many biological macromolecules (e.g. polysaccharides, polyphenols, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes, proteins, etc.) and other biomolecules (e.g. alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, phenolics, carotenoids, amino acids, sugars, vitamins, etc.) into biofunctionalized magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (BMNPs). It illustrates the sustainable recruitment of microbial intra- and extra-cellular metabolites, proteins, and/or enzymes in the biosynthesis of BMNPs. It elucidates the environmental affluence of such sustainable, cost-effective, and ecofriendly BMNPs as an antimicrobial agent for water disinfection, photo-degrader, and adsorbent for different xenobiotics, organic and inorganic water pollutants. It confers the future environmental aspects of BMNPs in biofuels production from lipids and lignocellulosic wastes, biosensors manufacturing and bio-upgrading of petroleum fractions, etc. It discusses the circular economy, challenges, and opportunities for scaling up the zero-waste green synthesis of MNPs. Nevertheless, imminent investigations are still needed to elucidate the exact rule of biological macro- and micro- molecules in BMNPs synthesis and mechanisms involved in its microbicidal and photodegradation activities. Accentuated researches are more required on the toxicity and/or biosafety of the green synthesized BMNPs to humans and other non-target organisms to ensure its eco-safety upon environmental applications.
Biovalorization of mandarin waste peels into silver nanoparticles and activated carbon
(Springer, 44081) Omran, B. A. ; Aboelazayem, O. ; Nassar, H. N. ; El‑Salamony, R. A. ; El‑Gendy, N. Sh.
This work aims to upcycle mandarin (Citrus reticulum) waste peels into valuable compounds with diferent applications. The one-factor-at-a-time method was applied to optimize the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the hot water extract of mandarin peels’ waste. The maximum production reached 2.5 g L−1 in a 4-h, pH9, 100 rpm continuous stirring batch process, operating at 30 °C, under fuorescent illumination of 36 W/6400 K, using 3000 mg L−1 extract solution and 2 mmol AgNO3. Dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, X-ray difraction, energy-dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, feld emission scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscope were employed to char- acterize the prepared silver nanoparticles, which revealed highly stable, uniformly distributed, nonagglomerated crystalline silver nanoparticles, with spherical/oval shapes and a size range of 10–19 nm. The preliminary cost analysis proved the cost- efectiveness of the valorization of mandarine peels into silver nanoparticles, which costs approximately 7.6 US$/g green synthesized silver nanoparticles with good savings relative to the global prices of the chemically synthesized ones. Moreover, to reach the point of zero waste and maximize the proftability of the valorization, the mandarin spent waste disposed from the batch process were upcycled to activated carbon which has diferent applications.
Clean production of isopropyl myristate: A cutting-edge enzymatic approach with a holistic techno-economic evaluation
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-03) ., M. Shaaban Sadek a , Ahmad Mustafa b,c,* , N.A. Mostafa a,* , Luigi di Bitonto d , Muhamad Mustafa e ,f , Carlo Pastore d
This work aims to develop a simple, clean, and energy-efficient lipase-catalyzed method for the synthesis of isopropyl myristate (IPM). The enzymatic esterification between isopropyl alcohol and myristic acid was catalyzed using immobilized Candida Antarctica lipase. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to study the interactive effect of reaction conditions on IPM yield. The maximum experimental and predicted conversions were 92.4 % and 92.0 %, respectively. The optimized conditions were as follows: molar ratio of isopropyl alcohol to myristic acid molar ratio of 8:1, molecular sieves of 12.5 % w/w, a catalyst load of 4 % w/w, at a temperature of 60 ◦C and a reaction time of 2.5 h. Isopropyl myristate synthesized was isolated and fully characterized by GC–MS, FTIR, 1 H and 13C NMR. Finally, to support the applicability perspective of this proposed method, a process diagram (PSD) was created using ASPEN PLUS software to simulate the production of IPM under the optimized conditions. The economic assessment of the whole process produced a positive net present value (NPV) of $44,797,732, return on investment (ROI) of 716.17 %, internal rate of return (IRR) of 110 %, payback period of 1.61, and a levelized cost of production (LCOP) of $1,777 per ton over a 14-year project lifespan. These results strongly suggest low-risk and high-profitability benefits to investing in this green route. Finally, the environmental impact was also assessed by calculating the quantity of CO2 generated from the proposed enzymatic process. The results showed a reduced emission rate of 0.25 ton CO2 eq. per ton of IPM produced. This underscores the lower environmental impact of this technology compared to traditional methods. Importantly, this study stands out as the first to conduct a comprehensive techno-economic assessment of the enzymatic synthesis of IPM, providing valuable insights into the economic viability and potential benefits of adopting this innovative and sustainable approach in the chemical manufacturing industry.
A cleaner enzymatic approach for producing non-phthalate plasticiser to replace toxic-based phthalates
(Springer Verlag, 2020) Hosney H.; Al-Sakkari E.G.; Mustafa A.; Ashour I.; Mustafa I.; El-Shibiny A.; Chemical Engineering Department; Faculty of Engineering; Minia University; El-Minia; Egypt; Chemical Engineering Department; Faculty of Engineering; Cairo University; Giza; 12613; Egypt; Environmental Engineering Program; Zewail City of Science and Technology; October Gardens; 6th of October; Giza; 12578; Egypt; Faculty of Engineering; October University for Modern Sciences and Arts; MSA; Giza; Egypt; Center of Excellence; October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA); Giza; Egypt; Biomedical Engineering Department; Faculty of Engineering; Helwan University; Cairo; Egypt; Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy; Zewail City of Science and Technology; October Gardens; 6th of October; Giza; 12578; Egypt
Abstract: Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) is industrially commonly used as a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plasticiser. As DOP does not form a chemical link with PVC, it migrates from flexible PVC segments into the media in contact, a matter that arose concerns due to its noxious effect. Despite the introduction of several non-DOP-based plasticisers recently, most of these new plasticisers are petroleum derived, which is a non-renewable resource. Accordingly, this research aims to produce a natural-based plasticiser using clean production method. Epoxidised 2-ethylhexyl oleate (E-2-EHO) was produced through an esterification and epoxidation reaction between oleic acid and 2-ethyl hexanol; both reactions occur simultaneously, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as oxygen donor in a solvent-free environment. Candida antarctica lipase (Novozym 435) was used as a cleaner biocatalyst. Several reaction parameters that affect the synthesis of (E-2-EHO) were analysed using response surface methodology based on full factorial central composite design for four variables. The maximum experimental conversion was 94.2% while the value of the predicted conversion was 95.3%. The operation conditions were a temperature of 65��C, enzyme load of 4 wt%, alcohol-to-oleic acid molar ratio of 4:1, hydrogen peroxide-to-C=C molar ratio of 0.5:1, molecular sieve/g acid of 0.425�g and reaction time of 2�h. In addition, the plasticising effectiveness of (E-2-EHO) to substitute toxic DOP was studied. Comparison with conventional DOP highlighted that (E-2-EHO) had superior and significantly reduced glass transition temperature (tg) and improved mechanical properties. In the proposed study, (E-2-EHO) was proved to be an efficient substitute to DOP by replacing up to 80% of the total plasticiser. Moreover, the product yield obtained in a short time reaction along with the proven stability of Novozym 435 during operation both showed that this ecofriendly and maintainable alternative is favourable when used in large-scale applications. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. � 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Comparison of the Techno-Economic and Environmental Assessment of Hydrodynamic Cavitation and Mechanical Stirring Reactors for the Production of Sustainable Hevea brasiliensis Ethyl Ester
(MDPI AG, 2023-12) Samuel, Olusegun David; Aigba, Peter A; Tran, Thien Khanh; Fayaz, H; Pastore, Carlo; Der, Oguzhan; Erçetin, Ali; Enweremadu, Christopher C; Mustafa, Ahmad
Even though the hydrodynamic cavitation reactor (HCR) performs better than the mechanical stirring reactor (MSR) at producing biodiesel, and the ethylic process of biodiesel production is entirely bio-based and environmentally friendly, non-homogeneous ethanol with the triglyceride of underutilized oil, despite the many technical advantages, has discouraged the biodiesel industry and stakeholders from producing ethylic biodiesel in HCRs. This study examines the generation of biodiesel from rubber seed oil (RSO) by comparing the ethyl-based HCR and MSR. Despite ethyl’s technical advantages and environmental friendliness, a lack of scalable protocols for various feedstocks hinders its global adoption. The research employs Aspen HYSYS simulations to investigate the ethanolysis process for RSO in both HCRs and MSRs. The HCR proves more productive, converting 99.01% of RSO compared to the MSR’s 94.85%. The HCR’s exergetic efficiency is 89.56% vs. the MSR’s 54.92%, with significantly lower energy usage. Removing catalytic and glycerin purification stages impacts both processes, with HC showing lower exergy destruction. Economic analysis reveals the HCR’s lower investment cost and higher net present value (USD 57.2 million) and return on investment (176%) compared to the MSR’s. The HCR also has a much smaller carbon footprint, emitting 7.2 t CO2 eq./year, while the MSR emits 172 t CO2 eq./year. This study provides database information for quickly scaling up the production of ethanolic biodiesel from non-edible and third-generation feedstocks in the HCR and MSR.
Development and Evaluation of an Eco-Friendly Hand Sanitizer Formulation Valorized from Fruit Peels
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2023-12) Verma, J; Mishra, R; Mazumdar, A; Singh, R; El-Gendy, N. Sh
Hand sanitizer usage has proven to be a common and practical method for reducing the spread of infectious diseases which can be caused by many harmful pathogens. Tere is a need for alcohol-free hand sanitizers because most hand sanitizers on the market are alcohol-based, and regular use of them can damage the skin and can be hazardous. India is the world’s largest producer of fruits and one of the major problems after fruit consumption is their peels, causing waste management problems and contributing to the formation of greenhouse gases leading to air pollution and adding to the problem of climate change. Valorization of such wastes into other value-added products and their incorporation into formulations of eco-friendly alcohol-free hand sanitizers would solve these issues, save the environment, beneft the society, and help in achieving the sustainable development goals. Tus, this research focuses on formulating an efective natural alcohol-free hand sanitizer that harnesses the antimicrobial properties of the various types of bioactive components found in fruit peels of pomegranate, sweet lime, and lemon. Te peel extracts and the formulated sanitizer proved considerable antimicrobial activity against the pathogenic Escherichia coli and hand microfora. Molecular docking was also applied to examine ligand-protein interaction patterns and predict binding conformers and afnity of the sanitizer phytocompounds towards target proteins in COVID-19, infuenza, and pneumonia viruses. Te binding afnities and the protein-ligand interactions virtual studies revealed that the sanitizer phytocompounds bind with the amino acids in the target proteins’ active sites via hydrogen bonding interactions. As a result, it is possible to formulate a natural, alcohol-free hand sanitizer from fruit peels that is efective against pathogenic germs and viruses using the basic structure of these potential fndings.
Effect of Heat Stress on Developmental Competence of In Vitro Matured Oocytes of Camelus Dromedaries with Different Qualities
(Scienceline Publication, 44190) Ashour, G; El-Sayed, Ashraf; Khalifa, M; Ghanem, Nasser
The deleterious effect of heat stress on cumulus-oocytes complexes (COCs) competence is well recognized in different livestock species. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of physiologically relevant heat stress on the developmental competence of camel COCs during in vitro maturation (IVM). A total of 1548 COCs were divided into six groups in this study. The groups were named K1 and K2 representing good and low-quality COCs incubated at 38.5oC for 30 hours. While K3 and k4 represent good and low-quality COCs exposed to 41oC for the first 6 hours of IVM. Finally, K5 and k6 represent the groups of good and low-quality COCs exposed to 42oC for the first 6 hours of IVM. After exposure of COCs to heat stress at 41°C and 42°C during the first 6 hours of in vitro maturation, the COCs were incubated at 38.5°C for 24 hours of IVM. The in vitro matured COCs were activated to cleave using ethanol followed by 4 mM 6-DMAP and developed embryos were cultured in vitro for 7 days post parthenogenetic activation. The results of this study indicated that heat stress at 42oC significantly decreased the Pb (polar body) extrusion rate in K4 and K6, compared to other groups. Additionally, the embryo cleavage rate was significantly lower for good and low-quality oocytes exposed to heat stress (K2, K3, K4, K5, and K6), compared to good quality COCs of the control group (K1). The cleavage rate was lower for low quality (K2; 63 ± 1.28) than good quality COCs (K1; 53 ± 1.85). The percentages of oocytes that developed to the blastocyst stage were lower for K2, K3, K4, K5, and K6 than K1. Moreover, the blastocyst rate was lower for K2 (9 ± 0.22) than K1 (15 ± 0.22). The results of this study indicated that exposure of camel oocytes to heat stress for 6 hours during in vitro maturation severely reduced extrusion of polar body, cleavage, and blastocyst rates. The low-quality camel COCs were reduced developmental capacity than good quality oocytes. © 2020, World''s Veterinary Journal. All Rights Reserved
Glycolipid biosurfactants: Biosynthesis and related potential applications in food industry
(Elsevier, 2022-10) Ashby, Richard D; Zulkifli, Wan Nur Fatihah Wan Muhammad; Yatim, Abdul Rashid M; Ren, Kangzi; Mustafa, Ahmad
Applications of Next Generation Biosurfactants in the Food Sector 2023, Pages 307-334 Chapter 15 - Glycolipid biosurfactants: Biosynthesis and related potential applications in food industry☆ Author links open overlay panelRichard D.AshbyaWan Nur Fatihah Wan MuhammadZulkiflibAbdul Rashid M.YatimcKangziRendAhmadMustafae,f a United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, United States b Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Bandar Baru Bangi, Malaysia c Bioprocessing & Biotechnology Division, Eman Biodiscoveries Sdn Bhd, Sungai Petani, Malaysia d College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China e General Systems Engineering, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October, Egypt f Center of Excellence, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October, Egypt Available online 21 October 2022, Version of Record 21 October 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824283-4.00006-X Get rights and content Abstract Glycolipids are microbial surface-active molecules that are composed of a carbohydrate unit linked to a single or multiple fatty acid(s). They are receiving increased research interest due to their green production pathways and their environmental and application benefits. Rhamnolipids, trehalolipids, sophorolipids, and mannosylerythritol lipids are among the most well-characterized glycolipids. Their antibacterial and emulsifying properties impart great potential to glycolipids in areas such as cleaning, cosmetic, and food preservation and can serve as sustainable substitutes for many synthetic surfactants. In addition, the valorization of food wastes through their use as fermentation feedstocks to produce glycolipid biosurfactants has received considerable attention because the process allows the bioconversion of inexpensive renewable by-products to value-added compounds, which may help to decrease production costs. This chapter focuses on the status and future perspectives related to the economical production of glycolipid biosurfactants and their potential application in foods.
Green synthesis of isopropyl palmitate using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase: Process optimization using response surface methodology
(Elsevier, 2022-06) Mustafa, Ahmad; Niikura, Fumiya
This work aims to produce isopropyl palmitate (IPP), a common emollient ester in a solvent-free system. An esterification reaction between isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and palmitic acid (PA) was performed in a closed batch reactor using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase as a biocatalyst. Reaction conditions were optimized using response surface methodology based on a five-level, three-variable composite design. The interactive effects of conditions on the IPP yield were investigated in the following ranges: IPA-to-PA molar ratio of 3:1–15:1, 1%–4% (w/w) Novozym 435, and 1%–10% (w/w) molecular sieves. The optimum conditions were IPA-to-PA molar ratio of 15:1, 4% w/w of Novozym 435, and 10% w/w of molecular sieves at 60◦C and 150 RPM for 2.5 h. The maximum experimental and predicted conversion values were 90.00% and 90.92%, respectively. Moreover, Novozym 435 exhibited remarkable operational stability because it was used for 15 cycles without considerably losing its original activity. In studying the feasibility of the proposed method, a process flow diagram was suggested to perform the semicontinuous production of IPP in a solvent-free medium
Highly efficient one-pot bioethanol production from corn stalk with biocompatible ionic liquids
(Elsevier Ltd., 2023-05) Zhu, Qingqing; Gao, Die; Yan, Dongxia; Tang, Jing; Cheng, Xiujie; El Sayed, Ibrahim El Tantawy; El-Gendy, Nour Sh; Lu, Xingmei; Xin, Jiayu
Efficient utilization of ionic liquids (ILs) for transforming lignocellulose into biofuel and alleviating concerns over shortages of nonrenewable resources is still an urgent issue. Herein, a highly efficient one-pot bioethanol production with biocompatible ILs was designed. XRD, TGA, and DSC analysis showed that pre-treatment of corn stalk with [Ch][Gly] trend to become easier to depolymerize than the untreated sample. Under one-pot process, the efficiency of [Ch][Gly] pretreated method could achieve a 9-fold sugar yield, i.e., 324.7 mg glucose/PU and 131.8 mg xylose/PU (1 PU = 10 g, 3 wt% [Ch][Gly] aqueous). The conditions for the whole process were optimized and the maximum yield% were achieved 80 % for glucose, 79 % for xylose, and 84 % for bioethanol. Besides, we found that increasing surface area and pore size could enhance accessibility for enzymes to attack cellulose and hemicellulose. The proposed study offers an efficient one-pot bioethanol production strategy with sustainable ILs.
Highly selective synthesis of glyceryl monostearate via lipase catalyzed esterification of triple pressed stearic acid and glycerin
(Elsevier Ltd., 2023-04) Mustafa, Ahmad; Ramadan, Rehab; Niikura, Fumiya; Inayat, Abrar; Hafez, H
The synthesis of value-added products from glycerin is an attractive research area that aims to valorize this abundant by-product of the biodiesel industry. Thus, raising the economic feasibility and mitigating the envi- ronmental consequences. In this work, an alternative green, energy-efficient, and selective enzymatic (ENZ) esterification of triple-pressed stearic acid (TPSA) and glycerin was carried out to produce glyceryl monostearate (GMS). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the reaction conditions; the optimum con- ditions were a 6:1 glycerin to TPSA molar ratio, 8% w/w Lipozyme 435 amount, and 350% w/w solvent amount. It is worth mentioning that the solvent addition greatly enhanced the yield of GMS compared to the conventional autocatalytic esterification (AUT) process. The proposed ENZ approach was also economically assessed, and the findings were compared to those of the AUT method. Considering a plant capacity of 4,950 t year− 1 and an interest of 11%, the total capital investment of the ENZ GMS production was 1.8 times cheaper than the AUT process, suggesting a favorable investment opportunity. In addition, the positively obtained net present value (NPV) and return on investment (ROI) for the ENZ process’s total production costs reveal the proposed method’s economic feasibility. The suggested approach for synthesizing GMS can be seen as a baseline for a cleaner large- scale monoglycerides synthesis
INTEGRATION OF ENERGY SAVING WITH LEAN PRODUCTION IN A FOOD PROCESSING COMPANY
(Editorial Institution of Wrocaw Board of Scientific, 2021-12-08) Salah, Sameh A; Mustafa, Ahmad
Increasing the energy efficiency has become a key concern in manufacturing companies due to the increased energy costs and the environmental impacts. More efficient energy saving can make the most economic contribution towards solving these problems in the short run. Companies’ governments are striving to identify the most effective measures to improve energy efficiency in manufacturing processes. The specific energy consumption (SEC) is a key performance indicator used to measure the energy consumed per product. Therefore, an improvement of this value contributes to decouple of economic growth from related increase of energy consumption. This paper highlights the needs of manufacturing companies for integrating energy performance in production management. This work focuses on studying the impact of implementing lean production concepts on decreasing the SEC in a food processing organization. The reduction of SEC can be achieved by increasing the total efficiency of the production line. Implementing the lean production methodology by using energy management model achieve an increase in the production output. The lean production used to eliminate all kinds of waste in production, while using the same input resources such as raw material and energy. The main source of waste found on the production line is the defective product and time waste during changeover and manual process. The achieved results showed that the SEC improved by 15.1% by reducing the lean wastes in the production line. Implementation of lean methodology has a great impact on improving the energy saving by reducing the specific energy consumption in the organization. The SEC is a key performance indicator used to measure the efficiency of a production line or a machine in relation to its production. Energy management model is useful in identifying the area of improvement and the energy saving measure. © 2021, Editorial Institution of Wrocaw Board of Scientific. All rights reserved.
Investigating the Combined Impact of Water–Diesel Emulsion and Al2O3 Nanoparticles on the Performance and the Emissions from a Diesel Engine via the Design of Experiment
(MDPI AG, 2024-02) Mostafa, A; Mourad, M; Mustafa, Ahmad; Youssef, I
This study aims to assess the impact of the water ratio and nanoparticle concentration of neat diesel fuel on the performance characteristics of and exhaust gas emissions from diesel engines. The experimental tests were conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the effects of adding water to neat diesel fuel in ratios of 2.5% and 5% on engine performance and emissions characteristics were examined and compared to those of neat diesel at a constant engine speed of 3000 rpm under three different engine loads. A response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design (CCD) was utilized to simulate the design of the experiment. According to the test results, adding water to neat diesel fuel increased the brake-specific fuel consumption and reduced the brake thermal efficiency compared to neat diesel fuel. In the examination of exhaust emissions, hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the tested fuel containing 2.5% of water were decreased in comparison to pure diesel fuel by 16.62%, 21.56%, and 60.18%, respectively, on average, through engine loading. In the second stage, due to the trade-off between emissions and performance, the emulsion fuel containing 2.5% of water is chosen as the best emulsion from the previous stage and mixed with aluminum oxide nanoparticles at two dose levels (50 and 100 ppm). With the same engine conditions, the emulsion fuel mixed with 50 ppm of aluminum oxide nanoparticles exhibited the best performance and the lowest emissions compared to the other evaluated fuels. The outcomes of the investigations showed that a low concentration of 50 ppm with a small amount of 11 nm of aluminum oxide nanoparticles combined with a water diesel emulsion is a successful method for improving diesel engine performance while lowering emissions. Additionally, it was found that the mathematical model could accurately predict engine performance parameters and pollution characteristics. © 2023 by the authors.

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