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Mitigation of eco-unfriendly and costly microbial induced corrosion using novel synthesized Schiff base cationic surfactants
(WILEY, 11 jul 20) Kobisy, Atef S; Nassar, Hussein N; Tawfik, Salah M; Elshatoury, Einas H; Aiad, Ismail
BACKGROUND:Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are considered to be themajor cause ofmicrobial-induced corrosion. It contributes to many environmental and other costly industrial problems in the petroleum industry. Thus there is always a great need for producing new efficient biocides and biocorrosion inhibitors. RESULTS: In this work, three Schiff base surfactants (coded Q12, Q14 and Q18) were synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. A mixed culture of SRB was collected from an oil field production tank located at the North Bahrya Petroleum Company (NORPETCO), Egypt. The antimicrobial effect of the newly synthesized surfactants was studied against sessile and planktonic SRB over their different growth phases by various methods: viable cell count via most probable numbermethod,estimation ofbiogenic sulfideconcentrations, weight lossof iron coupons in microbial growthmediumandbiofilmexaminationoncouponsurfacesusingscanningelectronmicroscopy.Thesynthesized surfactants expressed a high inhibition effect on bacterial growth, recording a minimum inhibitory concentration of 750 mg L−1for Q18and1000 mg L−1for both Q12andQ14, with a considerable decline in biogenic sulfide productivity from a dose of 500 mg L−1 until complete suppression at a dose of 1000 mg L−1. Also the synthesized surfactants showed an effective metal corrosion inhibition at a concentration of 500 mg L−1. CONCLUSION:Schiffbasecationicsurfactantswithlonghydrophobicchainscanberecommendedasbiocorrosioninhibitorsfor industrial application in the petroleum sector. ©2020 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI)
Semi-continuous Production of 2-Ethyl Hexyl Ester in a Packed Bed Reactor: Optimization and Economic Evaluation
(Japan Oil Chemists Society, 2020) Hosney, Hadeel; Mustafa, Ahmad
Abstract The aim of this work was to investigate the technical as well as the economic feasibility of producing 2-ethyl hexyl oleate (2-EHO), a non-phthalate plasticizer in a solvent free medium. The esterification reaction between oleic acid and 2-ethyl hexyl alcohol was carried out in a packed bed reactor (PBR) using Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435; Novozymes; Copenhagen-Denmark) as biocatalyst. RSM was employed to optimize the esterification reaction conditions. The optimum reaction conditions were found to be flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, No. of cycles of 12 and molar ratio of 4:1 2-ethyl hexanol to oleic acid. The maximum experimental and predicated conversions were found to be 95.8% and 95.61% respectively. Formation of 2-EHO was approved by FTIR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR. From the economic prospective, PBR was capable of producing 2-EHO with a purity of more than 94% over 480 h without remarkable reduction of enzyme activity. This revealed an economic production of 2-EHO at a yield of 2 tons kg–1 lipase. The manufacturing cost was found to be $ 1.88 /kg 2-EHO, this contributed to a profit of about 30% compared to the commercial price of 2-EHO. Such results approve the technical and economic feasibility for this sustainable method in esters production
A cleaner enzymatic approach for producing non-phthalate plasticiser to replace toxic-based phthalates
(Springer Verlag, 2020) Hosney H.; Al-Sakkari E.G.; Mustafa A.; Ashour I.; Mustafa I.; El-Shibiny A.; Chemical Engineering Department; Faculty of Engineering; Minia University; El-Minia; Egypt; Chemical Engineering Department; Faculty of Engineering; Cairo University; Giza; 12613; Egypt; Environmental Engineering Program; Zewail City of Science and Technology; October Gardens; 6th of October; Giza; 12578; Egypt; Faculty of Engineering; October University for Modern Sciences and Arts; MSA; Giza; Egypt; Center of Excellence; October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA); Giza; Egypt; Biomedical Engineering Department; Faculty of Engineering; Helwan University; Cairo; Egypt; Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy; Zewail City of Science and Technology; October Gardens; 6th of October; Giza; 12578; Egypt
Abstract: Dioctyl phthalate (DOP) is industrially commonly used as a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plasticiser. As DOP does not form a chemical link with PVC, it migrates from flexible PVC segments into the media in contact, a matter that arose concerns due to its noxious effect. Despite the introduction of several non-DOP-based plasticisers recently, most of these new plasticisers are petroleum derived, which is a non-renewable resource. Accordingly, this research aims to produce a natural-based plasticiser using clean production method. Epoxidised 2-ethylhexyl oleate (E-2-EHO) was produced through an esterification and epoxidation reaction between oleic acid and 2-ethyl hexanol; both reactions occur simultaneously, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as oxygen donor in a solvent-free environment. Candida antarctica lipase (Novozym 435) was used as a cleaner biocatalyst. Several reaction parameters that affect the synthesis of (E-2-EHO) were analysed using response surface methodology based on full factorial central composite design for four variables. The maximum experimental conversion was 94.2% while the value of the predicted conversion was 95.3%. The operation conditions were a temperature of 65��C, enzyme load of 4 wt%, alcohol-to-oleic acid molar ratio of 4:1, hydrogen peroxide-to-C=C molar ratio of 0.5:1, molecular sieve/g acid of 0.425�g and reaction time of 2�h. In addition, the plasticising effectiveness of (E-2-EHO) to substitute toxic DOP was studied. Comparison with conventional DOP highlighted that (E-2-EHO) had superior and significantly reduced glass transition temperature (tg) and improved mechanical properties. In the proposed study, (E-2-EHO) was proved to be an efficient substitute to DOP by replacing up to 80% of the total plasticiser. Moreover, the product yield obtained in a short time reaction along with the proven stability of Novozym 435 during operation both showed that this ecofriendly and maintainable alternative is favourable when used in large-scale applications. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. � 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Biokinetic Aspects for Biocatalytic Remediation of Xenobiotics Polluted Seawater
(NIH, 2020) Younis, S A; El-Gendy, N Sh; Nassar, H N
Aims: This research was conducted to investigate the biocatalytic remediation of xenobiotics polluted seawater using two biocatalysts; whole bacterial cells of facultative aerobic halotolerant Corynebacterium variabilis Sh42 and its extracted crude enzymes. Methods and results: One-Factor-at-A-Time technique and statistical analysis were applied to study the effect of initial substrate concentrations, pH, temperature, and initial biocatalyst concentrations on the batch biocatalytic degradation of three xenobiotic pollutants (2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP), catechol and benzoic acid) in artificial seawater (salinity 3·1%). HPLC and gas-chromatography mass spectroscopy analyses were utilized to illustrate the quantitative removal of the studied aromatic xenobiotic pollutants and their catabolic pathway. The results revealed that the microbial and enzymatic cultures followed substrate inhibition kinetics. Yano and Koga's equation showed the best fit for the biokinetic degradation rates of 2-HBP and benzoic acid, whereas Haldane biokinetic model adequately expressed the specific biodegradation rate of catechol. The biokinetic results indicated the good efficiency and tolerance of crude enzyme for biocatalytic degradation of extremely high concentrations of aromatic pollutants than whole C. variabilis Sh42 cells. The monitored by-products indicated that the catabolic degradation pathway followed an oxidation mechanism via a site-specific monooxygenase enzyme. Benzoic acid and catechol were identified as major intermediates in the biodegradation pathway of 2-HBP, which were then biodegraded through meta-cleavage to 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde. With time elapsed, the semialdehyde product was further biodegraded to acetaldehyde and pyruvic acid, which would be further metabolized via the bacterial TCA cycle. Conclusion: The batch enzymatic bioreactors performed superior-specific biocatalytic degradation rates for all the studied xenobiotic pollutants. Significance and impact of the study: The enzymatic system of C. variabilis Sh42 is tolerable for toxic xenobiotics and different physicochemical environmental parameters. Thus, it can be recommended as an effective biocatalyst for biocatalytic remediation of xenobiotics polluted seawater
Novel mycosynthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles using Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404-optimization, characterization and antimicrobial activity.
(Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2020) Omran B.A.; Nassar H.N.; Younis S.A.; El-Salamony R.A.; Fatthallah N.A.; Hamdy A.; El-Shatoury E.H.; El-Gendy N.S.; Department of Processes Design & Development; Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute; Nasr City; Cairo; Egypt; Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Pharmacy; October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA); 6th of October City; Egypt; Depratment of Analysis and Evaluation; Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute; Nasr City; Cairo; Egypt; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Hanyang University; Seoul; South Korea; Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Science; Ain Shams University; Abbassia; Cairo; Egypt; Center of Excellence; October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA); 6th of October City; Egypt
Aims: Investigate the capability of Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404 to mycosynthesize Co3O4-NPs. Methods and Results: Mycelial cell-free filtrate of A. brasiliensis ATCC 16404 was applied for mycosynthesis of Co3O4-NPs. The preliminary indication for the formation of Co3O4-NPs was the change in colour from yellow to reddish-brown. One-factor-at a time-optimization technique was applied to determine the optimum physicochemical conditions required for the mycosynthesis of Co3O4-NPs and they were found to be: 72h for reaction time, pH 11, 30C, 100revmin?1 for shaking speed in the darkness using 4mmoll?1 of CoSO4.7H2O and 55% of A. brasiliensis dry weight mycelium (w/v). The mycosynthesized Co3O4-NPs were characterized using various techniques: spectroscopy including UV/Vis spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurement, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction; and vibrating sample magnetometry and microscopy including field emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Spectroscopic techniques confirmed the formation of Co3O4-NPs and the microscopic ones confirmed the shape and size of the mycosynthesized Co3O4-NPs as quasi-spherical shaped, monodispersed nanoparticles with a nano size range of 20-27nm. The mycosynthesized Co3O4-NPs have excellent magnetic properties and exhibited a good antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic micro-organisms. Conclusion: Ferromagnetic Co3O4-NPs with considerable antimicrobial activity were for the first time mycosynthesized. Significance and Impact of the Study: The use of fungi as potential bionanofactories for mycosynthesis of nanoparticles is relatively a recent field of research with considerable prospects. 2019 The Society for Applied Microbiology
Sustainable Photo- and Bio-Catalysts for Wastewater Treatment
(onlinelibrary.wiley, 2020-05) El-Gendy, Nour Sh.; Nassar, Hussein N.
Millions of tons of agro-industrial wastes are produced annually all over the world. These wastes are not economically reused, create air, soil, and water pollution. That has negative impact on human health, tourism, economy, and environment. This comes with the increase of the worldwide population and the climate change that have affected the sustainability of the water resources causing the degrada- tion of several renewable and non-renewable resources. Consequently, there is a great demand for applying non-conventional and developed cost effective tech- niques for wastewater reuse. This chapter will focus on the integrated valorization process for reaching to the point of zero-waste and fashioned valuable insights on the upcycling of apatite as one of the readily available and cost effective agro- industrial wastes into sustainable photo- and/bio-catalysts that can be applied in wastewater treatment.
Sustainable green synthesized nanoparticles: bioapplications and biosafety
(Elsevier, 2020-09) El-Gendy, Nour Sh; Omran, Basma
Removal of Toxic Pollutants Through Microbiological and Tertiary Treatment New Perspectives 2020, Pages 549-586 21 - Sustainable green synthesized nanoparticles: bioapplications and biosafety Author links open overlay panelNour Sh.El-GendyabBasma A.Omrana a Petroleum Biotechnology Lab, Processes Design and Development Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt b Center of Excellence, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt Available online 18 September 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821014-7.00021-6 Get rights and content Abstract Nanotechnology is a very promising field in several disciplines. Green synthesis techniques are being preferred as more simplistic and eco-friendly approaches for the synthesis of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles than the traditional physical and chemical routes. In recent years, nanoparticles of noble metals such as gold, silver, and palladium have drawn immense attention due to the wide range of their innovative applications in various fields of industry, particularly the biomedical and environmental fields. Thus, it is very important to evaluate their toxicity, to make sure of its biosafety. For instance, silver nanoparticles have attracted significant interest in medical applications, such as diagnosis, treatment, medical device coating, drug delivery, personal health-care products, and as excellent antibacterial agents. Which somehow would approve its biosafety. However, the design and fabrication of nanomaterials with well-controlled physicochemical features and morphological properties to be applied in the human body and environment, remain the focus of many researchers. Nevertheless, the mechanisms for safe utilization, application, and accumulation still need further studies. This chapter aims to discuss the biosafety and medical applications of different green synthesized nanoparticles to approve its recommendation to be applied for pollutant remediation and water treatment. Furthermore, this chapter addresses toxicity issues and the safety rules related to biomedical applications.
Phycoremediation of Phenol Polluted Petro‐Industrial Effluents and Its Techno‐Economic Values as a Win‐Win Process for a Green Environment, Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts
(wiley online library, 2021-01) El-Gendy, Nour Sh; Nassar, Hussein N
The discharge of the toxic phenol polluted petro‐industrial effluents (PPPIE) has severe environmental negative impacts, thus it is mandatory to be treated before its discharge. The objective of this review is to discuss the sustainable application of microalgae in phenols degradation, with a special emphasis on the enzymes involved in this bioprocess and the factors affecting the success of PPPIE phycoremediation. Moreover, it confers the microalgae bioenergetic strategies to degrade different forms of phenols in PPPIE. It also points out the advantages of the latest application of bacteria, fungi, and microalgae as microbial consortia in phenols biodegradation. Briefly, phycoremediation of PPPIE consumes carbon dioxide emitted from petro‐industries for; valorization of the polluted water to be reused and production of algal biomass which can act as a source of energy for such integrated bioprocess. Besides the harvested algal biomass can feasibly produce; third‐generation biofuels, biorefineries, bioplastics, fish and animal feed, food supplements, natural dyes, antioxidants, and many other valuable products. Consequently, this review precisely confirms that the phycoremediation of PPPIE is a win‐win process for a green environment and a sustainable future. Thus, to achieve the three pillars of sustainability; social, environmental, and economic; it is recommendable to integrate PPPIE treatment with algal cultivation. This integrated process would overcome the problem of greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and climate change, solve the problem of water‐scarce, and protect the environment from the harmful negative impacts of PPPIE.
Biosynthesized magnetite nanoparticles as an environmental opulence and sustainable wastewater treatment
(Elsevier, 2021-02) El-Gendy, Nour Sh.; Nassar, Hussein N.
This review emphasizes the win-win one-pot valorization process of different waste biomass that composed of many biological macromolecules (e.g. polysaccharides, polyphenols, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes, proteins, etc.) and other biomolecules (e.g. alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, phenolics, carotenoids, amino acids, sugars, vitamins, etc.) into biofunctionalized magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (BMNPs). It illustrates the sustainable recruitment of microbial intra- and extra-cellular metabolites, proteins, and/or enzymes in the biosynthesis of BMNPs. It elucidates the environmental affluence of such sustainable, cost-effective, and ecofriendly BMNPs as an antimicrobial agent for water disinfection, photo-degrader, and adsorbent for different xenobiotics, organic and inorganic water pollutants. It confers the future environmental aspects of BMNPs in biofuels production from lipids and lignocellulosic wastes, biosensors manufacturing and bio-upgrading of petroleum fractions, etc. It discusses the circular economy, challenges, and opportunities for scaling up the zero-waste green synthesis of MNPs. Nevertheless, imminent investigations are still needed to elucidate the exact rule of biological macro- and micro- molecules in BMNPs synthesis and mechanisms involved in its microbicidal and photodegradation activities. Accentuated researches are more required on the toxicity and/or biosafety of the green synthesized BMNPs to humans and other non-target organisms to ensure its eco-safety upon environmental applications.
Bio-and oxo-degradable plastics: Insights on facts and challenges
(wiley online library, 2021-02) Abdelmoez, Wael; Dahab, Islam; Ragab, Esraa M; Abdelsalam, Omnia A; Mustafa, Ahmad
The global accumulation of single-use plastic bags made from nonbiodegradable plastics is the most concerning environmental issue nowadays. The utilization of biodegradable materials is a choice to reduce the environmental impact resulting from the use of plastic products. The utilization of renewable resources to produce fully biodegradable plastics is among the technologies used to overcome petroleum plastic's negative impact. On the other hand, the utilization of oxo-biodegradable plastics where prodegradant additives are incorporated in conventional plastics to promote their degradation under certain conditions has recently received much attention. This review discusses the types and challenges that face the implementation of biodegradable plastics technology that uses renewable resources. This review also covers the debate addressed in the literature about the biodegradability fate of oxobiodegradable plastic in the air, compost, soil, landfill, and marine. A comparative study included the potential published literature in the last 10 years was performed. Based on the discussed evidence in this review, it can be concluded that all literature agrees that the addition of pro-oxidant/prodegradants can accelerate the degradation of oxo-plastics to small fragments. However, the complete biodegradation of oxo-plastics by microorganisms remains in doubt. On the other hand, biopolymers produced from natural resources seem to be the future direction for plastics manufacturing especially single-use plastic bags
Recruitment of long short-term memory for envisaging the higher heating value of valorized lignocellulosic solid biofuel: A new approach
(Taylor and Francis, 2021-08-13) Al-Sadek, Ahmed F; Gad, Beshoy K; Nassar, Hussein N; El-Gendy, Nour Sh
The valorization of lignocellulosic wastes via the concept of bio-based circu- lar economy to achieve the sustainable development goals of clean energy, safe life on land, and climate change mitigation is a worldwide scope nowa- days. Lignocellulosic wastes are considered sustainable energy resources; consequently, it is crucial to find a cost-effective and time-saving method for predicting its higher heating value (HHV) to qualify its feasibility as a solid biofuel. In this study, the long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm as a deep-learning (DL) approach has been applied in a pioneering step to calculate the HHV from 623 proximate analyses of various lignocellulosic biomasses. The relatively high value of the correlation coefficent of determi- nation (R2 0.8567) and low values of mean square error (MSE 0.67), root- mean-square error (RMSE 0.819), mean absolute error (MAE 0.597), and average absolute error (AAE 0.0319) confirmed the exceptional accuracy of the suggested LSTM model. Thus, recommending applying DL-LSTM as a new approach for building models since it provides an accurate prediction of HHV without the need for time-consuming and complicated experimental measurements or the conventional regression analysis and statistical modeling.
Biodiesel Sustainability: Challenges and Perspectives
(Wiely, 2021-09) Nassar, Hussein N; Ismail, Abdallah R; El-Gendy, Nour Sh
The worldwide depletion of high‐quality oil reserves and the immense stringent environmental regulations force decision makers towards alternative biofuels. However, that comes in parallel with the worldwide water scarcity and food versus fuel problems. So for achieving secured economy, sustainable clean energy, overcoming the problem of climate change, ensuring safe lands for food, and preserving oil crops for humans, it is important to produce such biofuels using non‐edible feedstock. This chapter discusses in brief the history of biodiesel development as an example of ecofriendly, biodegradable, non‐toxic and sustainable biofuels. It emphasizes the production of biodiesel from waste oils and fats using sustainable heterogeneous catalysts. It ends with the challenges and opportunities for reaching a feasible transesterification process producing high yield of qualified biodiesel suitable to be used as alternative and/or complementary to the conventional petro‐diesel without affecting engine performance.
INTEGRATION OF ENERGY SAVING WITH LEAN PRODUCTION IN A FOOD PROCESSING COMPANY
(Editorial Institution of Wrocaw Board of Scientific, 2021-12-08) Salah, Sameh A; Mustafa, Ahmad
Increasing the energy efficiency has become a key concern in manufacturing companies due to the increased energy costs and the environmental impacts. More efficient energy saving can make the most economic contribution towards solving these problems in the short run. Companies’ governments are striving to identify the most effective measures to improve energy efficiency in manufacturing processes. The specific energy consumption (SEC) is a key performance indicator used to measure the energy consumed per product. Therefore, an improvement of this value contributes to decouple of economic growth from related increase of energy consumption. This paper highlights the needs of manufacturing companies for integrating energy performance in production management. This work focuses on studying the impact of implementing lean production concepts on decreasing the SEC in a food processing organization. The reduction of SEC can be achieved by increasing the total efficiency of the production line. Implementing the lean production methodology by using energy management model achieve an increase in the production output. The lean production used to eliminate all kinds of waste in production, while using the same input resources such as raw material and energy. The main source of waste found on the production line is the defective product and time waste during changeover and manual process. The achieved results showed that the SEC improved by 15.1% by reducing the lean wastes in the production line. Implementation of lean methodology has a great impact on improving the energy saving by reducing the specific energy consumption in the organization. The SEC is a key performance indicator used to measure the efficiency of a production line or a machine in relation to its production. Energy management model is useful in identifying the area of improvement and the energy saving measure. © 2021, Editorial Institution of Wrocaw Board of Scientific. All rights reserved.
Sustainable ecofriendly recruitment of bioethanol fermentation lignocellulosic spent waste biomass for the safe reuse and discharge of petroleum production produced water via biosorption and solid biofuel production
(Elsevier, 2022) Nassar, Hussein N; El-azab, Waleed I.M; El-Gendy, Nour Sh
Sustainable lignocellulosic spent waste rice straw (SWRS) from bioethanol production inventively applied in this study to valorize petroleum production produced water (PPPW). SWRS expressed efficient pollutant removal over a wide range of petroleum concentration, temperature, pH, salinity, and mixing rate reaching approximately 217 mg/g, within four hours contact time. Kinetic studies revealed a pseudo-second-order chemisorption process with a boundary layer control and 16.97 kJ/mol activation energy where the intra-particle diffusion was not the only rate regulatory step. Thermodynamic studies revealed spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic adsorption, with a strong affinity between the SWRS and oil molecules. Biosorption mechanism studies proved the enrollment of SWRS components’ lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in the oil uptake with the predominance of chemisorption over physisorption onto the rough and highly porous SWRS surface. A single-stage batch biosorption process was designed based on the best fitted Langmuir adsorption isotherm and applied on a real PPPW sample. The Egyptian standard limits for safe industrial effluents discharge into marine environment with a concomitant decrease in scale formation precursors were achieved recommending its safe reuse for enhanced oil recovery. Finally, for accomplishing zero-waste, SWRS disposed of PPPW treatment substantiated valorized solid biofuel with a sufficient calorific value 38.56 MJ/kg.
Kinetic and statistical perspectives on the interactive effects of recalcitrant polyaromatic and sulfur heterocyclic compounds and in-vitro nanobioremediation of oily marine sediment at microcosm level
(Elsevier, 2022-01-24) Nassar, Hussein N; Rabie, Abdelrahman M; Abu Amr, Salem A; El-Gendy, Nour Sh
A halotolerant biosurfactant producer Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain NSH3 (NCBI Gene Bank Accession No. MN149622) was isolated to degrade high concentrations of recalcitrant polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polyaromatic heterocyclic sulfur compounds (PASHs). In biphasic batch bioreactors, the biodegradation and biosurfactant-production activities of NSH3 have been significantly enhanced (p < 0.0001) by its decoration with eco-friendly prepared magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs). On an artificially contaminated sediment microcosm level, regression modeling and statistical analysis based on a 23 full factorial design of experiments were trendily applied to provide insights into the interactive impacts of such pollutants. MNPs-coated NSH3 were also innovatively applied for nanobioremediation (NBR) of in-vitro diesel oil-polluted sediment microcosms. Gravimetric, chromatographic, and microbial respiratory analyses proved the significantly enhanced biodegradation capabilities of MNPs-coated NSH3 (p < 0.001) and the complete mineralization of various recalcitrant diesel oil components. Kinetic analyses showed that the biodegradation of iso- and n-alkanes was best fitted with a second-order kinetic model equation. Nevertheless, PAHs and PASHs in biphasic batch bioreactors and sediment microcosms followed the first-order kinetic model equation. Sustainable NBR overcome the toxicity of low molecular weight hydrocarbons, mass transfer limitation, and steric hindrance of hydrophobic recalcitrant high molecular weight hydrocarbons and alkylated polyaromatic compounds
Synthesis and characterization of new bifunctional SnZrSi oxide catalysts for biodiesel production
(Elsevier, 2022-03-01) Ibrahim, Shaimaa M; Mustafa, Ahmad
A set of unprecedented (mesoporous SnO2/ZrSiO4) solids has been synthesized via the ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation path. The impact of silica dopant content (ranged between 0.05 and 0.4 mol %) on the characterization evolution of the sonicated ZrSnO4 interface and their biodiesel production efficiency were examined. Physio-chemical characteristics of the synthesized catalysts were analyzed by XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM, TGA-DTG, N2 adsorption–desorption analysis, NH3-TPD, UV-Visible/ DR, and FT-IR before and after pyridine adsorption. The obtained results revealed the formation of reconstructed rutile-SnO2 and zircon as new active phases by calcination at 500 ͦC, good morphology with mesoporous structure, and significant increase in the SBET, pore volume, interesting optical behavior, and exhibited different acidic properties. The impacts of reaction temperature, silica dopant content, fatty acid type and calcination temperature on the biodiesel % were examined. The tertiary oxide catalysts were gainful for the biodiesel production. The optimum catalyst (0.2 % SiO2 / ZrSnO4) had the biggest number of both strong Brönsted and Lewis acid sites compared to the doped and undoped catalysts, so, its maximum yield at optimum conditions for esterification of palmitic acid reaction was 90.2 % and can be reused until the fifth run with giving excellent yield for biodiesel production. But, for the transesterification of soybean oil reaction with methanol was maxima at 88% for (0.4 % SiO2/ZrSnO4) sample. The kinetic, mechanism studies and thermodynamic parameters were estimated. The important role of the doped silica molecules in the mechanism of the esterification process was emphasized by the computational chemistry study.
Selective synthesis of alpha monoglycerides by a clean method: Techno-economic and environmental assessment
(Elsevier, 2022-04-12) Mustafa, Ahmad; Niikura, Fumiya; Pastore, Carlo; Allam, Hoda A; Hassan, Omnia Bassam; Mustafa, Muhamad; Inayat, Abrar; Salah, Sameh A; Abdel Salam, Ahmed; Mohsen, Reham
This work proposes an alternative green and selective biocatalytic route for Glycerin Mono- stearate (α-monostearin) production. The conventional method of production uses an elevated temperature. Apart from the high energy consumption, such high temperatures darken the final product’s color, lead to random reactions, and produce high orders of diglycerides and tri- glycerides instead of monoglycerides. The proposed production process was performed by esterifying stearic acid with glycerin in an organic medium using Candida antarctica lipase (Novozym 435) at a mild temperature. The reaction conditions were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM): optimum conditions were a temperature of 60 ◦C, glycerin to stearic acid molar ratio of 8:1, and Novozym 435 amount of 6% w/w. The solvent addition remarkably improved the α-monostearin yield to nearly 80% without the need for the energy-intensive distillation step. The conventional autocatalytic esterification (AUT) process was also per- formed to investigate the comparative monoglyceride yield, and it was found to be 22.5%. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and gas-chromatography confirmed that α-monostearin could be produced with the highest purity using the proposed enzymatic method (ENZ). Economic and environmental analyses were also conducted for the proposed ENZ process, and the results were compared with those of the AUT process. The total capital investment of α-monostearin pro- duction, considering a projected capacity of 4950 t year− 1 and 11% interest for the proposed ENZ process, was favorably 2.5 times lower than that of the AUT process, suggesting a promising investment opportunity. However, the total production costs showed unfavorable negative net present value (NPV) and return on investment (ROI) for the ENZ process and favorable positive NPV and ROI for the AUT process, indicating that the proposed venture is not profitable for α-monostearin production. However, the process can be profitable at improved operational sta- bility of Novozym 435 up to 1 kg per 3-ton product. The carbon footprint was calculated on the basis of the given capacity and conditions of 50 and 656 t CO2 eq./year for the ENZ and AUT processes, respectively. The synthesis of α-monostearin using the proposed route can be consid- ered a building block toward a cleaner large-scale production of α-monoglycerides.
Green synthesis of isopropyl palmitate using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase: Process optimization using response surface methodology
(Elsevier, 2022-06) Mustafa, Ahmad; Niikura, Fumiya
This work aims to produce isopropyl palmitate (IPP), a common emollient ester in a solvent-free system. An esterification reaction between isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and palmitic acid (PA) was performed in a closed batch reactor using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase as a biocatalyst. Reaction conditions were optimized using response surface methodology based on a five-level, three-variable composite design. The interactive effects of conditions on the IPP yield were investigated in the following ranges: IPA-to-PA molar ratio of 3:1–15:1, 1%–4% (w/w) Novozym 435, and 1%–10% (w/w) molecular sieves. The optimum conditions were IPA-to-PA molar ratio of 15:1, 4% w/w of Novozym 435, and 10% w/w of molecular sieves at 60◦C and 150 RPM for 2.5 h. The maximum experimental and predicted conversion values were 90.00% and 90.92%, respectively. Moreover, Novozym 435 exhibited remarkable operational stability because it was used for 15 cycles without considerably losing its original activity. In studying the feasibility of the proposed method, a process flow diagram was suggested to perform the semicontinuous production of IPP in a solvent-free medium
Glycolipid biosurfactants: Biosynthesis and related potential applications in food industry
(Elsevier, 2022-10) Ashby, Richard D; Zulkifli, Wan Nur Fatihah Wan Muhammad; Yatim, Abdul Rashid M; Ren, Kangzi; Mustafa, Ahmad
Applications of Next Generation Biosurfactants in the Food Sector 2023, Pages 307-334 Chapter 15 - Glycolipid biosurfactants: Biosynthesis and related potential applications in food industry☆ Author links open overlay panelRichard D.AshbyaWan Nur Fatihah Wan MuhammadZulkiflibAbdul Rashid M.YatimcKangziRendAhmadMustafae,f a United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, United States b Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Bandar Baru Bangi, Malaysia c Bioprocessing & Biotechnology Division, Eman Biodiscoveries Sdn Bhd, Sungai Petani, Malaysia d College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China e General Systems Engineering, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October, Egypt f Center of Excellence, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October, Egypt Available online 21 October 2022, Version of Record 21 October 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824283-4.00006-X Get rights and content Abstract Glycolipids are microbial surface-active molecules that are composed of a carbohydrate unit linked to a single or multiple fatty acid(s). They are receiving increased research interest due to their green production pathways and their environmental and application benefits. Rhamnolipids, trehalolipids, sophorolipids, and mannosylerythritol lipids are among the most well-characterized glycolipids. Their antibacterial and emulsifying properties impart great potential to glycolipids in areas such as cleaning, cosmetic, and food preservation and can serve as sustainable substitutes for many synthetic surfactants. In addition, the valorization of food wastes through their use as fermentation feedstocks to produce glycolipid biosurfactants has received considerable attention because the process allows the bioconversion of inexpensive renewable by-products to value-added compounds, which may help to decrease production costs. This chapter focuses on the status and future perspectives related to the economical production of glycolipid biosurfactants and their potential application in foods.
Valorization of Waste Cooking Oil into Biodiesel via Bacillus stratosphericus Lipase Amine-Functionalized Mesoporous SBA-15 Nanobiocatalyst
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2022-11) Ismail, Abdallah R; Kashtoh, Hamdy; Betiha, Mohamed A; Abu Amr, Salem A; Baek, Kwang-Hyun; El-Gendy, Nour Sh
In this study, evaporation-induced self-assembly was applied to prepare amine-functionalized nano-silica (NH2-Pr-SBA-15). Tat was simply used to immobilize Bacillus stratosphericus PSP8 lipase (E–NH2–Pr-SBA-15), producing a nanobiocatalyst with good stability under vigorous shaking and a maximum lipase activity of 45 ± 2 U/mL. High-resolution X-ray dif- fractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption, feld-emission scanning electron, and high- resolution transmission electron microscopic analyses proved the successful SBA-15 functionalization and enzyme im- mobilization. Response surface methodology based on a 1/2 fraction-three-levels face center composite design was applied to optimize the biodiesel transesterifcation process. Tis expressed efcient percentage conversion (97.85%) and biodiesel yield (97.01%) under relatively mild operating conditions: 3.12 : 1 methanol to oil ratio, 3.08 wt.% E–NH2–Pr-SBA-15 loading, 48.6°C, 3.19 h at a mixing rate of 495.53 rpm. E–NH2–Pr-SBA-15 proved to have a long lifetime, operational stability, and reusability.

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