Synthesis of Nano-Echinochrome extracted from Tubipora musica by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CPFD8, and its potential medical applications as an anti-Alzheimer agent

Abstract

Natural products derived from marine organisms have emerged as promising sources of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic applications. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-Alzheimer properties of nano-Echinochrome extracted from the pipe organ coral, Tubipora musica. Echinochrome, a red pigment, was extracted biologically using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CPFD8, and its yield was quantified via HPLC analysis. The extracted echinochrome was subjected to ultrasound-assisted green synthesis to produce nanoparticles. Characterization of the nano-echinochrome carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential. The antimicrobial assay revealed significant antibacterial effects, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, and moderate antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus as well as significant effects as anti-Helicobacter pylori. Additionally, the nano-echinochrome demonstrated substantial antioxidant effects in the DPPH radical scavenging assay and notable anti-inflammatory effects through COX-1/COX-2 inhibition assays. The anti-Alzheimer potential was also demonstrated by significantly inhibiting butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzyme activity. In conclusion, these findings suggest the potential of nano-echinochrome as a multipurpose therapeutic agent capable of attenuating oxidative stress, inflammation, microbial infections, and Alzheimer's disease.