Sustainable electrochemical sensor for green analysis of diaveridine HCl and sulphaquinoxaline Na in food and pharmaceutical samples

Abstract

In veterinary medicine, diaveridine hydrochloride (DVH) is a common antiprotozoal medi­cation, and sulfaquinoxaline sodium (SQL) is an antibacterial used to treat intestinal infec­tions, including coccidia. They are added to poultry feed as anticoccidials and their residues might be retained in chicken tissues. Therefore, there is an urgent need for fast determina­tion of the lowest possible DVH and SQL concentrations to guarantee food safety. This study used cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry. A sensitive electro­chemical sensor was developed for fast and selective simultaneous determination of DVH and SQL in drug substances, chicken meat and pharmaceutical formulations. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) served as the foundation for the created tailored sensor. An excellent linearity and high correlation (0.9995 for DVH and 0.9994 for SQL) were identified in the linear responses produced for DVH and SQL utilizing CuO NPs at carbon paste electrode (CPE), which were over the range of 15.00 nM to 120.00 mM for DVH and 90.00 nM to 100.00 mM for SQL. CuO NPs/CPE was used to determine residues in chicken meat as real samples, achieving outstanding recoveries due to its high sensitivity, superior repeatability, and wide linear range. The study also emphasizes the comprehensive environ­mental impact assessment facilitated by the synergistic application of Modified Complex GAPI (Complex MoGAPI) and AGREE tools.