A Smart Drug Delivery Silica Nanoparticles System for Diabetes Mellitus Disease Treatmen

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes makes up approximately 85% of all diabetic cases and it is linked to approximately one-third of all hospitalizations. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that can lead to complications such as kidney failure, blindness, ketoacidosis, stroke and heart diseases. Types of diabetes mellitus are Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Type 2 diabetes mellitus and Gestational diabetes mellitus. Drugs used in the treatment of diabetes are insulin, sulphonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, α-glcosidase inhibitors and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors. Newer therapies with long-acting biologics such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues have been promising in managing the disease, but they cannot reverse the pathology of the disease. Additionally, their parenteral administration is often associated with high healthcare costs and risk of infections. .Oral delivery of these compounds would significantly improve patient compliance; however, poor enzymatic stability and low permeability across the gastrointestinal tract makes this task challenging. Nanotechnology is the use of nanomaterial’s which are smaller than 100 nm either be natural or manmade. Silica nanoparticles possess numerous advantages including optimum biocompatibility and bio distribution. Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) are emerging functional inorganic nanomaterials which offer an alternative to traditional carriers for oral delivery of peptides and drugs ; Modification of SNPs with appropriate functional groups improves control over the loading/release of payload for oral delivery. Metformin was loaded by SiO2 nanoparticles to release the drug gradually, glimepiride was loaded on both MCM-41 and Hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles for the improvement of solubility and insulin was loaded on the mesoporous silica nano particles to control its release. MSNs like MCM-41, MCM-48, SBA-1, SBA-3, SBA-15, SBA-16 are tested to drugs delivery for different diseases e.g. inflammation, cancer, diabetes, neurological disorders and even as a carriers in gene therapy or biosensor in diagnosis. The reasons of their popularity are that these materials have a several advantages, such as unique ordered structure of high specific area and pore volume and consequently high sorption capacity. Moreover production of these materials is relatively simple, inexpensive and easy controllable. Finally, they are nontoxic and biocompatible which are the key requirements.