INTERNATIONAL TOURISM IN SPAIN SINCE THE ARAB SPRING MOVEMENTS: A REVIEW FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS AND SUSTAINABILITY OF DESTINATIONS1

Abstract

[PDF] من researchgate.net INTERNATIONAL TOURISM IN SPAIN SINCE THE ARAB SPRING MOVEMENTS: A REVIEW FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ECONOMIC COMPETITIVENESS AND SUSTAINABILITY OF DESTINATIONS1 المؤلفون Andrés Artal-Tur, D Abdou, Y Halim تاريخ النشر 2017 الوصف A number of important socio-political events have been occurring in the Mediterranean (Med) region in recent years. Those include the Spring revolution movements started December 2010 in Tunisia and January 2011 in Egypt, the Syrian war, the terrorist attacks in Egypt, Tunisia, France, and Turkey, or the Libyan question, for remarking these ones being more present in the media (Galal & Reiffers, 2014 (coords.); Schraeder, 2012; Tyner & Rice, 2012; Spindel, 2011). Security questions have become the core issue in the region. In this context, the impact on the tourism sector has been remarkable, resulting in first place in important drops in the number of visitors arriving to the south shore of the Mediterranean (Al Battat & Som, 2014; Saeid et al., 2012). 2 Tunisia lost 1.2 million international visitors in 2011 and 2 million people in 2015, Morocco stagnated around 10 million visitors since 2013, Algeria has lost 25% of international arrivals in 2015, making around 300,000 visitors since 2010, while drops in Egypt account for 5 million of international visitors since 2010, from 14 million in 2010 to 9 million in 2015 (World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 2016). By contrast, in the north shore of the MED region international arrivals have been remarkably growing, at some extent because of the relocation