Plant-derived modulators of programmed cell death pathways in cancer: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Abstract

Cancer is a convoluted disease regarded by uncontrolled cell growth, an ability to evade programmed cell death, and the disturbance of crucial regulatory mechanisms. A vital objective in cancer treatment is the induction of programmed cell death, primarily through well-orchestrated intracellular signaling networks. This review examines the processes underlying cancer initiation as well as progression, with a specific focus on the molecular pathways that regulate cell death. Central to this process are the intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways that determine cellular fate through mitochondrial regulation, death receptor engagement, and caspase activation. Plant-based natural chemicals have demonstrated encouraging potential in modifying these pathways to specifically eradicate cancer cells. Among them, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and xanthones stand out for their ability to interfere with survival signals, enhance pro-death signaling, and disrupt cellular homeostasis in malignant cells. These compounds target key controllers such as Bcl-2 proteins, p53, as well as NF-κB, ultimately tipping the balance toward cell elimination. This review highlights the therapeutic relevance of these natural products, examining their processes of action as well as contributions to the expansion of novel anticancer strategies. Understanding how these compounds influence cell death pathways can overlay the approach for safer as well as more real therapeutics for various cancers.