Comparative analysis of hybrid modelling for performance and emissions using biodiesel with nanoadditives and hydroxy

Abstract

Fossil fuels provide the majority of the world’s energy needs. When fossil fuels are burned, harmful pollutants have negative impacts on the environment. It is advantageous to use biodiesel in diesel engines. Nanoadditives were employed to enhance the characteristics and usage of biodiesel in cold regions. Diesel was mixed with 20% WCO biodiesel. Distribution of cerium and titanium oxides in B20 was 25 and 50 parts per million. Using an alkaline electrolyser, water was electrolysed at a rate of 0.5 litre per minute to produce hydroxy gas. Influence of methyl ester blend containing hydroxy gas and nanomaterials on emissions and engine performance was investigated. The largest declines in specific fuel consumption were 15 and 20%, whereas cerium and titanium oxides at 50 ppm with hydroxy demonstrated increases in thermal efficiency of 14 and 19% when related to B20. When 50 ppm of cerium and titanium oxides with hydroxy were added, the biggest reductions in smoke were 15% and 21%, respectively, while the biggest decreases in NOx emissions were 24% and 35% for B20 + 50C + HHO and B20 + 50T + HHO, respectively. For titanium and cerium oxides with hydroxy, CO concentrations were reduced by 13% and 20%, respectively, whereas HC was declined by 25% and 36%. ANN and linear regression methods were utilised to model emissions and performance. For all variables, ANN and regression fared better, with R2 values above 0.97. For more ecologically friendly and effective engine operation, B20 with 50 ppm cerium and titanium oxides with hydroxy is advised.