Faculty of Biotechnology Research Paper

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    Symphytum species: A comprehensive review on chemical composition, food applications and phytopharmacology
    (2019) Salehi B.; Sharopov F.; Tumer T.B.; Ozleyen A.; Rodrguez-Prez C.; Ezzat S.M.; Azzini E.; Hosseinabadi T.; Butnariu M.; Sarac I.; Bostan C.; Acharya K.; Sen S.; Kasapoglu K.N.; Da?kaya-Dikmen C.; zelik B.; Baghalpour N.; Sharifi-Rad J.; Fokou P.V.T.; Cho W.C.; Martins N.; School of Medicine; Bam University of Medical Sciences; Bam; 44340847; Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Avicenna Tajik State Medical University; Rudaki 139; Dushanbe; 734003; Tajikistan; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics; Faculty of Arts and Science; Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University; Canakkale; 17020; Turkey; Graduate Program of Biomolecular Sciences; Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences; Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University; Canakkale; 17020; Turkey; Department of Nutrition and Food Science; University of Granada; Campus of Cartuja; Granada; E-18071; Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA) 'Jos Mataix'; Biomedical Research Centre; University of Granada; Avenida del Conocimiento s/n; Granada; E-18071; Spain; Pharmacognosy Department; Faculty of Pharmacy; Cairo University; Kasr El-Ainy Street; Cairo; 11562; Egypt; Department of Pharmacognosy; Faculty of Pharmacy; October University for Modern Science and Arts (MSA); 6th October; 12566; Egypt; Centre for Research on Food and Nutrition; Council for Agricultural Research and Economics; Rome; 546-00178; Italy; Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology; School of Pharmacy; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; 11369; Iran; Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine King Michael I of Romania from Timisoara; Calea Aradului 119; Timis; 300645; Romania; Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory; Department of Botany; University of Calcutta; Kolkata; 700019; India; Department of Botany; Fakir Chand College; Diamond Harbour; West Bengal 743331; India; Istanbul Technical University; Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Faculty; Food Engineering Department; Ayaza ga Campus; Maslak; Istanbul; 34469; Turkey; Istanbul Gedik University; Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts; Kartal; Istanbul; 34876; Turkey; Bioactive Research and Innovation Food Manufac.; Indust. Trade Ltd.; Katar Street; Teknokent ARI-3; B110; Sar?yer; Istanbul; 34467; Turkey; Phytochemistry Research Center; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; 11369; Iran; Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center; Zabol University of Medical Sciences; Zabol; 61615-585; Iran; Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit; Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; University of Yaounde 1; Ngoa Ekelle; Annex Fac. Sci; Yaounde; 812; Cameroon; Department of Clinical Oncology; Queen Elizabeth Hospital; 30 Gascoigne Road; Hong Kong; Hong Kong; Faculty of Medicine; University of Porto; Alameda Prof. Hernni Monteiro; Porto; 4200-319; Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S); University of Porto; Porto; 4200-135; Portugal
    Symphytum species belongs to the Boraginaceae family and have been used for centuries for bone breakages, sprains and rheumatism, liver problems, gastritis, ulcers, skin problems, joint pain and contusions, wounds, gout, hematomas and thrombophlebitis. Considering the innumerable potentialities of the Symphytum species and their widespread use in the world, it is extremely important to provide data compiling the available literature to identify the areas of intense research and the main gaps in order to design future studies. The present review aims at summarizing the main data on the therapeutic indications of the Symphytum species based on the current evidence, also emphasizing data on both the efficacy and adverse effects. The present review was carried out by consulting PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Database, Science Direct and Google Scholar (as a search engine) databases to retrieve the most updated articles on this topic. All articles were carefully analyzed by the authors to assess their strengths and weaknesses, and to select the most useful ones for the purpose of review, prioritizing articles published from 1956 to 2018. The pharmacological effects of the Symphytum species are attributed to several chemical compounds, among them allantoin, phenolic compounds, glycopeptides, polysaccharides and some toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Not less important to highlight are the risks associated with its use. In fact, there is increasing consumption of over-the-counter drugs, which when associated with conventional drugs can cause serious and even fatal adverse events. Although clinical trials sustain the folk topical application of Symphytum species in musculoskeletal and blunt injuries, with minor adverse effects, its antimicrobial potency was still poorly investigated. Further studies are needed to assess the antimicrobial spectrum of Symphytum species and to characterize the active molecules both in vitro and in vivo. 2019 by the authors.