Developing a modelling environment of spacecraft solar array in low Earth orbit using real-time telemetry data

Abstract

Spacecraft solar arrays convert sunlight into electrical energy to fulfil the energy requirements of various missions. This work proposes a comprehensive environment for accurate power operation predictions. Specifically, this environment simulates the behaviour of a body-mounted solar array. Furthermore, the designing and modelling processes of the solar array require considering different technical and practical constraints posed by the space environment. These challenges necessitate a thorough evaluation of all potential sources of losses and degradation. Compared to conventional approaches, our novel SSA model incorporates the complete spacecraft mission design scenario, thus it incorporates the operational cyclogram and power budget calculation. To substantiate our proposed method, telemetry data from the commercial LEOS-50 platform is leveraged to develop an experimental, mathematical, and thermal in-orbit model based on GaAs technology. This approach stands out for its exceptional accuracy in predicting the output power characteristics of solar panels. Therefore, it ensures achieving mission requirements from inception to completion in the beginning-of-life and end-of-life stages. The results demonstrate the success of the SSA operation in converting sunlight into electrical energy with a high conversion rate. © 2025 The Authors