Monitoring the Role of Programmed Cell Death 1 and its Ligands in Autoimmune Systemic Lupus Erythematous Disease

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases areone of the recent dangerous issues that occur without specific known reasons. This condition the immune system start to attack the host cells rather than protect the body from any harmful invasion considering these cells as a foreign substance needed to be attack. The reasons behind the falling of immune system to recognize the difference between the host cells and the foreign cells are unknown and they may be genetic, environmental, bad life style, uncontrolled diet or physiological reason. systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of the autoimmune diseases that mostly affect women in which the immune system start to attack the cells of the body result in many serious damage to different organs especially to skin, kidneys, liver and heart. For the diagnosis of SLE there are different assessment methods;either non-specific such as the serological test and the measuring of anti-dsDNA concentration in blood which increase with the presence of the disease or specific measuring through measuring the concentration of percentages of PD-1(program cell death that express on both CD3 T cells and CD19 B cells) and percentages of PD-L1(program cell death ligand that express on CD19 B cells).Both levelscan be measured using flow cytometer. Flow cytometer is an approach used to measure and detect various properties of the cells released to promote down regulation of immune system leading to of the autoimmune problem as a defense mechanism from the body against the up normal attacking of the immune system