Faculty Of Biotechnology Graduation Project 2019 - 2020
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Item Treatment potential of azadirachtia indica methanol extract against schistosomiasis in mice(MSA university, 1/20/2020) Ramadan Aboelhassan Gaballah, WaadTreatment potential of azadirachtia indica methanolItem Factors Allecting Rhizosphere Colonization of Tomato Plant by Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Adel Shawky, PeterRhizosphere is defined as “the zone of soil immediately adjacent to legume roots that supports high levels of bacterial activity’’ The goal of this study was to enhance or improve the colonization of rhizosphere of tomato plants by plant growth promoting bacteria. PGPR has two main mechanisms to improve colonization of rhizosphere , first the direct mechanism that improve growth of plant and including the production of phytohormones and nitrogen fixation, and the indirect mechanism which decrease the harmful effects of the growth of pathogens by the production of antibiotics and synthesizing of the lytic enzymes. During this study, 12 bacterial strains were obtained from the rhizosphere of tomato. The greenhouse experiment indicated that the treatment with Ser, B63, E31 had shown good capacities for tomato root colonization. To improving the survival rate of tested bacterial isolates, micro- encapsulation techniques of rhizosphere microorganisms by sodium alginate and calcium chloride was conducted. The survival rate of bacteria in capsules was estimated during one month shelf life experiment. Both tested methods free bacterial cells as well as encapsulation technique are promising tools to be used as successful delivery methods of plant growth promoting bacteriaItem Explore variability of local peach genetic resources for efficient breeding programs(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Ayman Mustafa, NerminFruits of local peach strains, grown under Dakahlia governorate for a long time ago, are characterize with special taste and aroma, compared with other peach cultivars, and appear in the markets yearly from mide-June to mid-September, the period when the fruits of most early and mid-season peach cultivars disappear. Local peach trees were sexually propagated, so different strains were produced. Such strains are greatly differed in growth habits, maturity date, and yield and fruit characteristics within the same orchard. Those strains have locally common names known to farmers. Since traditional methods, based on morphological and phenological characters are time consuming, blurred by environmental influences and frequently lake resolving power needed to undoubtedly identify individual genotype, the present study aimed to detect genetic variability and explore local peach genetic resources, where genetic aspects are powerful tools in the improvement of the crop and development of molecular markers, as an efficient short cut and cost-effective tool for evaluation, could assist selection and breeding programs. Electrophoretic protein banding patterns and two enzyme profiles; peroxidase and Polyphenol Oxidase, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) and inter simple sequence repeat-PCR (ISSR-PCR) were used to assess the genetic diversity of five selected, on basis of growth habits and flowering attitudes, Sultani peach seedy individuals. One RAPD primer; D07, and two ISSR primers; HB10 and HB12, were tested. Based on the results of overall markers (biochemical and molecular), only two (No. 1 and 5) of the five selected individuals were genetically identical to each other. Only one protein band was unique in one of the five selected individuals (No. 4), while one peroxidase isozyme was not detectable only in the second individual. Polyphenol Oxidase exhibited four monomorphic bands across the five selected individuals. All primers were successfully used as fingerprinting tool. One specific fragment was detected to discriminate the fourth individualItem Assessment of pesticides residue in cosmetic henna sold in Egyptian local market(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Ayman Mahmoud Said, NaghamAssessment of pesticides residue in cosmetic henna sold in Egyptian local market Background: Henna is a flowering plant and the sole species of the genus Lawsonia. It is the source of a dye prepared from the plant lawsonia inermis and has been used since antiquity to dye hair, skin and fingernails. Also it is used to dye fabrics like (silk, wool and leather). For this reason, henna should be free from any contaminants such as pesticide residues; and disinfectants used for preventing the spread of pests and bacteria. When concentrations of pesticide residues exceed the permissible level, the risk to human health comes from direct or indirect exposure to pesticide residues in primary or derived agricultural products as it could lead to several potential toxic effects, carcinogenic and biological effects. Aim: The current study evaluated the composition and quality of 24 henna samplesItem Maintaining Postharvest Quality of Fruits by Using Essential Oils(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Hamdy Mabrouk Ahmed Eshiba, NadaDate fruits loss their quality during storage after being harvested and ripen because of the microbial decay, which is caused by fungi. Fungicides were used to get rid of fungi, but some fungal pathogens were reported to develop resistance to synthetic fungicides. Natural compounds such as essential oils get a lot of attention to be used as an alternative for chemical compounds (fungicides), due to their biodegradability. They are found to play a good role in maintaining fresh fruits quality as date and inhibit the development of fungi after being harvested in a healthy and safe way. The objective of this study was made to test the effect of spraying the essential oils Peppermint and Lemongrass on date. The date fruits were sprayed with Peppermint and Lemongrass essential oils of concentration 1 and 2% for each. The sprayed fruits were stored for 40 days at room temperature from 20 - 23ºC. In this experiment some chemical and physical characteristics were identified during storage such as percentage of weight loss and percentage of decayed fruits, moreover the total soluble pectin, total phenols and antioxidant activity. Antifungal activities of the two essential oils against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium were measured. Chemical compositions of the essential oils were identified by GC-MS. The results indicated that the physical and the chemical properties of the fruits were enhanced by sprayed with all essential oil treatments. A considerable delay in the properties of fruits comparing with the untreated fruits (control). Concerning to antifungal activities of the two essential oils against Aspergillus niger and Penicillium, Lemongrass essential oil of 2% had the highest effect.Item Detection of the adulteration and commercial fraud with Pig meat and fat in the processed meat and chocolate stuff using Real Time PCR and chemical analysis(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Mostafa Mohamed El-Gamel Shahin, MohamedHuman health is an important matter so we should protect our health from contaminants that found in the environment. Eating untreated Pork and lard leading to disease that affect human health such as heart diseases, diabetes type 2, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, muscle pain, fever and swelling of the face. Pig related substances that are untreated or not cooked adequately could enter many food markets by fraud through several ways it can cause health problems upon consumption. It can lead to the infection by Trichinellosis which is a parasitic infection caused by Trichinella nematodes. The aim of this study is identification of fraud in different food samples. In this study, fraud contamination level was determined in 32 raw food samples (meat and chocolate) collected from farms, markets, butchers, and retail markets in different localities of the Greater Giza using Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR). Assay of Real-Time PCR was developed, for the highly specific detection of pork DNA. For the assay, the mtDNA of 12S RNA-tRNA Val gene was amplified at 63 ̊ C was amplified at 63 ̊ C using SYBR Green I for 45 min with a Real-Time PCR System that measured the fluorescent signal at one-minute intervals. Moreover, the DNA sequences of the isolated samples were characterized. The Fraud in food samples were detected in ten samples which represent about 31.25% of the tested samples.Item A QuEChERS Based Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Hormones in Chicken(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Kamal Ahmed Fouad, MohamedBackground: chickens are important source of food that provide more than 67.6% of the daily protein. Moreover, chicken meat contains a high level of various B vitamins and can even lessen age-related memory issues. Hormones are chemicals that are secreted by the endocrine glands to the blood stream in order to achieve the stimulatory effect on various different types of cells. Therefore, some breeders use these growth hormones in the feed of chicken in order to stimulate their growth and increase meat and egg production of the chicken. However, this hormonal residues should not exceed a specific limit in the meat of the chicken due to its negative effect on humans. The aim of this project is to determine whether hormones are present in the chicken meat using QuEChERS method and LC/MS-MS using high performance liquid chromatography and calculating the human exposure to the hormonal hazard. Therefore, 30 samples were collected and analyzed to determine the presence of hormonal residues in the meat using LC/MS-MS. There was no hormonal residues detected revealing free hormonal residues in the 30 samples.Item The Plant Growth Promoting Activities of Actinomycetes(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Kamal Kamel, MirnaThe relationship between the plant and rhizosphere microorganisms divides into either positive interaction or negative interaction, depends on how the rhizosphere microorganism affect the plant, the majority of many plants are under the danger of phytopathogens that affect plant growth and productivity. The goal of this study was to create a commercial bio-control agent composed of rhizosphere Actinomycetes ready to enhance the expansion of plants and enhance the plant defence system whereas additionally having the ability to survive within the rhizosphere. During this study, 19 bacterial strains of Actinomycetes were obtained (AC1, AC2, AC4, AC6, AC14, AC15, AC18, AC20, AC22, AC24, AC25, AC26, AC28, AC34, AC40, AC51, AC52, AC73, AC61/2B), to determine which strains have the highest effect on enhancing the plant growth, but only 7 strains showed significant effect on plant growth as (AC2, AC14, AC18, AC22, AC25, AC28, AC40). Among them strains (AC25, 40, 26, 51, 18, 14, 34) showed significant antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum during the dual culture assay. The greenhouse experiment indicated that Actinomycetes treated wheat plants had shown good growth parameters such as root and shoot length and weight compared to non-inoculated control plants.Item Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Selected Personal Care Beauty Creams Purchased from Egyptian Local Markets(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Maher Azmy, MiraCosmetics are a major source of heavy metal releases. Various types of chemicals as ingredients, some of which are used as preservatives, are used in cosmetic products. The presence of harmful chemicals in these materials is a matter of concern. Cosmetic products include heavy metals among the harmful chemicals. This study has been carried out to assess the level of heavy metals in Egyptian products. Nineteen different brand products of beauty creams including oily skin creams, dry skin creams, Natural skin creams, whitening creams and ACNE creams were purchased from local Egyptian markets or misbrands of frequently used beauty creams. Samples have been analyzed to determine concentration of heavy metals; lead (Pb), mercury (Hg); cobalt (Ni), manganese (Mn) , copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), concentrations of heavy metals; lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), cobalt (Ni), manganese (Mn) , copper (Cu), iron (Fe), chrome (Cr), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn) and other materials have been identified. Samples have been analyzed. Based on the mean concentrations, ACNE creams were found to be highly contaminated types with lead, mercury, Arsenic, Zinc and Nickel, while, whitening creams were found to be highly contaminated varieties with manganese, iron and tin. On the other hand, the highest concentration of copper was found in dry skin creams. The health risk exposure was evaluated for estimated weekly intake and the most of these elements are identified as potential impurities and known to be toxic. The results of the study show that the prolonged use of these products threat human health. Consequently, quality control is suggested to impose acceptable limits of contaminants in cosmetics.Item Genetic Analysis of F protein Gene of Recently Isolated Newcastle Disease Virus(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Sayed Metwally Sayed, AbdulrahmanNewcastle disease is an infectious mild to lethal virus disease of birds specifically the domestic chicken. The NDV caused by paramyxovirus of the genus Rubulavirus (species Newcastle diseases virus). The disease has different signs marked by highly inconstant respiratory, digestive, tremors, diarrhea, incoordination, coughing and twitching of head. The disease attack all ages of chickens especially it's destructive to young birds. NDV is an enveloped virus with two membrane proteins: the haemagglutinin–neuraminidase (HN) protein involved in cell attachment and release, and the fusion (F) protein involved in mediating fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) still considered as a huge concern in Egyptian poultry industry, in spite of massive vaccination programs implemented from along years ago. The main object of the current study is to do a molecular identification of both surface glycoproteins genes of NDv virions of a recently isolated field strain during 2019. Tracheas were collected from 10 chicken - NDv vaccinated - broilers flocks suffered from mild to moderate respiratory manifestations with Mortalities varied from 10 to 25 % at Giza governorate during October 2019. Only 5 samples showed HA activity after blind Propagation at SPF eggs and only one sample (S4) was +Ve APMV-1 by rtRT-PCR. Sequence of the cleavage site of the F protein gene showed typical known sequence of velogenic NDv strains (112RRQKRF117). Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of both F and HN proteins genes of S4 new isolate showed high similarity and close relation with Chinese strains of Genotype VII sub type D reached 97.28 % for F protein gene and 98.72% suggesting a role of migratory or wild birds in NDV evolution in Egypt. Further epidemiological and surveillance work is strongly recommended to define the exact role of migratory and wild birds role in NDV evolution in last years.Item Bacteria as a bio indicator for water pollution(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Gaber, Meret Talat TawfikThe coliform group has been used widely as a trademark of water quality and has traditionally led to the public health protection concept. Total coliforms are a group of bacteria commonly found in the environment, for example in soil or plant life, in addition to the intestines of mammals, including humans. Total coliform bacteria are not likely to cause disease, but their presence indicates that the water supply may be prone to contamination by extra dangerous microorganisms. Escherichia coli (E. coli) are the only member of the total coliform group of bacteria that is found only in the intestines of mammals, including humans. The presence of E. coli in water indicates recent fecal contamination and may indicate the possible presence of disease-causing pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The aim of this thesis is to examine methods currently in use for the detection of coliforms in different source of water, bacterial growth on nutrient media. Isolated bacterial colonies were then gram stained and tested using several biochemical tests to identify the strain of bacteria. The identified bacteria were Klebsialla, Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis Finally, count total coliform bacteria using CFU proving amounts of bacteria compared to other bacteria in different source of water.Item Impact of Lnc-NOTCH1 in Chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Abdelfatah Mohammed, MahmoudSincere thanks to Prof. Ayman Diab, the Dean of Faculty of Biotechnology MSA University, and my internal supervisor for providing the opportunity to have greatly informative graduation project experiences that have prepared us for the real world and to start our careers in future; and it would also never happen without Dr. Gehan Safwat, the student affairs advisor, graduation project coordinator and lecturer at the Faculty of Biotechnology MSA University. I would like to express my deepest thanks, and my grateful acknowledgment and appreciation to my external supervisor. Dr. Nashwa El Khazragy. For her efforts for giving me all the information that I needed for my project and for listening to me and advising me. The faculty of biotechnology teaching staff, thank you for giving me all the information that I needed since day one, thanks for giving me all information about the techniques that helped me in my project, and for teaching me how to be passionate about what I’m doing here. And finally, I would like to thank my family, Dr AbdelFatah Mohammed & Abeer Fathy whom I consider them my backbone and source of inspiration, and for being always interested in developing my future.Item ZnO nano-solvent foe efficacy enhancenemnt of some antibiotics in poultry(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Emadaldin Salah Kassem, EmadaldinNowadays, bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a global issue. Nano materials, such as metal oxide nanoparticles, have appeared to be promising contenders during the last few years. The aim of this study was to investigate zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in vitro antibacterial properties against avian pathogenic E. coli alone and in combination with different antibiotics. In this study, ZnO nanoparticle was synthesized using direct precipitation method. Physical characteristics of ZnO NPs were confirmed using X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Antibacterial resistance pattern of ten antibiotics: (amoxicillin(Aml), ciprofloxacin (Cip), enrofloxacin (Ex), gentamicin (Cn), doxycycline (Do), levofloxacin (LEV), Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (SXT), tetracyclin (TE), Spiramycin(SR) and Streptomycin(S)), in addition to different concentration of ZnO NPs, was determined by disc diffusion assay on 10 avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). The results showed that 50% (5\10) of the strains are resistant to all antibiotic, while the rest were found to be sensitive to one or two antibiotics. The best concentration of ZnO NPs was 1gm\ ml which give wider zone than other concentrations (0.5, 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625 and 0.03125 gm \ml). The combination between antibiotic and ZnO NPs showed a synergistic effect with spiramycin, gentamycin and streptomycin while an antagonistic effect was observed between ZnO NPs and Ciprofloxacin and Enrofloxacin. There was no effect with other antibiotic. However, our findings, the in vivo evaluation should be evaluated to confirm the resultsItem Screening of GMO in different food products and fruits(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) ElRouby, Mariam Tarek Hassan MukhtarDetection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food and fruits is a vital issue for all the subjects involved in food control and consumer’s right. As a consequence of the growing number of GMOs imported to Egypt during the past few years, it has become an important issue to screen food products with the purpose of determining the identity of the daily consumed products. In this investigation, following the extraction of genomic DNA from 25 samples different processed foods that are sold commercially in Egypt, qualitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect genetically modified maize, soybean and other plants. The recombinant DNA target sequences were detected with primers highly specific for each investigated transgene such as CaMV35s gene and NOS terminator while gel electrophoresis was performed to ensure the presence of a genetically modified organisms in the commercial products. According to the PCR products, the results shown that 13 out of 25 food samples were containing soybean and showed positive results with CaMV35s promoter except sample 13 showed positive results with both NOS terminator and CaMV35s promoter confirming that all these samples contain genetically modified genes. Although, 4 samples out of 25 samples tested positive with CaMV35s promoter at size 195bp for maize showing the presence of GMO. All of the positive samples were detected with BT11 and Roundup for maize and soybean respectively. The fruits samples number 9 and 25 were confirmed GMO due to the presence of CaMV35s promoter in both samples. The results proved the presence of GM maize, soybean and fruit samples in Egypt food products, strengthening the necessity for the development of a strong labeling system and valid qualitative methods in routine analyses before the products are commercially sold.Item Association between the frequency of IL-4 590C>T gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus.(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Mohamed Kamal Ismail Abo-El-Youssr, YehiaInterleukin 4 (IL-4) is a cytokine which is encoded by IL4 gene, it plays a role to activate the differentiation of the native T helper cells (Th0) into a normal T-helper 2 cells (Th2). Previous researches had shown that IL-4 protects the pancreatic islets from cytotoxicity that can occur as well as it decreases the production of (Th1). In addition, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the IL-4 promoter region (IL4-590 C>T) could have a relation with type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to that, the long-term exposure of IL-4 on the pancreatic islets can inhibit islet functions. The aim of the present study is to probe for the association of IL4-590 C>T with TDM in Egyptian patients.Item Influence of exogenous application of proline and glycinebetaine on antioxidative system of salt- stressed basil plants(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Abdelgawad, Sherin IbrahimBasil plant has many uses ,it is used for cooking ,enters in the cosmetics industry and used to make medicine .Salinity stress affect crop productivity worldwide ,it affects plant growth by reducing .Salinity stress causes physiological and metabolic stress .It affects the chemical composition of the plant’s leaves by reducing carbohydrates ,proteins and minerals .Proline and glycine betaine increase in various plant as a natural defense mechanism against different abiotic stresses .The exogenous application of proline and glycine betaine shows positive impact in many plant ,it increases the growth rate of the plant and the chemicals in the leaf such as carbohydrates ,proteins and minerals .This projects aims to test the effect of the exogenous application of proline and glycine betaine in the improvement of basil plant growth under salinity stress .The height ,the weight and branches number will be compared .The chemical composition of the leaves carbohydrate ,proteins will be tested .Different concentration of proline and glycine betaine will be tested ( 50 mM ,100 mM ,200 mM ) .Under the concentration of 100 NaCL :the best height was 53.85 cm under 200 mM of glycine betaine compared to 40.61 of the control .The highest number of branches was observed is 6.21 under the 200 mM of glycine betaine in comparison with 4.31 of the control .The highest weight was 149.76 g under the 200 mM of glycine betaine in comparison to 123.76 g of the control. The highest conc. of carbohydrates was 3.21 mM under 200 mM of proline in comparison to 3.21 mM of the control. The highest conc. was 3.62 mM under 200 mM of proline in comparison to 3.22 mM of the control. The highest conc. of nitrogen was 0.588 mM under 50 mM of glycine 6 betaine in comparison to 0.51 mM of the control. The highest conc. of calcium was 155.9 mM under the 50 mM of glycine betaine in comparison to 136.43 mM of the control. The highest number of iron was 3.59 mM under 100 mM of proline in comparison to 2.94 mM of the controlItem Biodegradation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) by Bacillus Cereus, Myroides species and Enterobacter species under different environmental conditions”(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Essam, YaraThe marine environment may be contaminated due to various activities of the petroleum industry with crude petroleum oil. In order to protect living organisms in this environment and for the protection of human health, this polluted marine environment must be bioremediated and detoxified. Although physiochemical methods are still used in various developing countries, biological treatments are the alternative because they are cheap, causing no harm to the environment. Different types of bacteria are able to clean up the polluted sites. In the present work, three bacterial species were used separately and in combination (a consortium) to biodegrade crude oil polluting marine water. Identification of the 3 bacteria was done using gene sequencing of 16s rRNA and they were recognized as Bacillus cereus MSA 6M, Myroides odoratimimus MSA 185 and Enterobacter cloacae MSA 47. Screening of the three bacterial strains was done for the production of biosurfactants and bio-emulsifiers using different media, different NaCl concentrations and different pH values. The results obtained showed that the 3 bacterial strains were able to produce active biosurfactants (155.5 – 176.6 cm2 ODA) when WFO was used as substrate, while when glycerol was used, the three bacteria behaved as weak biosurfactant producers (1.0 – 17.0 cm2 ODA). On the other hand, the two culture media were promising for the production of bio-emulsifiers. The results also show that 2% and 3% NaCl were promising for the production of biosurfactants and bio-emulsifiers. As for the effect of pH values, it can be seen that different results were obtained. Optimum pH values for B. cereus are 6-7 pH, for M. odoratimimus are 8-9 pH and for E. cloacae are 7-9 pH. These results indicate that the 3 bacteria work well in different ranges of pH values. On the other hand, the same trend of results were also observedItem Monitoring the levels of pesticides residues in unprocessed milk(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Salah, Shahd EmadPesticides occupy one of the most dangerous chemicals worldwide. Most pesticides which are highly resistance to microbial (organochlorines and organophosphorusare degradation). During their lipophilicity and persistence, these petiscides and its residues are concentrated in the adipose tissues and also in the serum of the animal blood; leading to bio-concentration, bio-magnification and environmental perisitence through the food chain. Upon reaching to human, it results in many symptoms and can lead to severe diseases. Furthermore, pesticides have the ability to cause three specific types of hurtful effects;acute, chronic or delayed, and allergic effects. Acute result in tingling sensations, lack of coordination and diffuculty of breathing, chronic result in impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and severe depression, and finally, allegeric results in systemic effects ,such as; asthma, skin irritation, such as; blisters, eye and nose irritation, such as; itchy, sneezing and water eye. On the other hand, milk represent one of the most signficatnt foods used in the worldwide. According to the food chain, various types of pesticides are exisiting in commercial milk. This projects aim is to determine the pestcides residues in unprocessed milk by using QuEChERS method on 30 samples colleced from diffrenet locations in Old cairo, Cairo, Egypt. The results shows that majority of samples are -ve to pesticides, however; the minoroty are +ve to pesticides. Therefore; it's recommended to use pasteurized milk (especially skimmed or 0% fats; because as illustrated before; pesticides are concentrated in milk fats) rather than unprocessed milk/ commercial milk. According to this study, the results confirm that many of pesticides ingredients are unstable as a result of milk processing during pasteurization process UHT (ultra- high temperature and pressure). Finally, this confirms the correct of this opinionItem Eco-Friendly Bio-Lubricant Production from Waste Vegetable Oil and Its Application in Power Plant(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Abd-Alla Gad Abd-Alla, TasneemDepletion of petroleum resources and environmental concern, has increased the demand for vegetable oil-based natural esters. In Egypt, it was reported that consumption of lubricants reached 760.025 barrels per day. “Eco-friendly” biodegradable waste vegetable oils can be used as an alternative for petroleum based lubricant that can be applied at power plant. Natural ester insulating (NEI) oils are promising substitutes for mineral insulating (MI) oils because these oils reduce aging of insulating papers in high-voltage oil-immersed power transformers. This work aimed to present the preparation of NEI oil by the esterification process of waste vegetable oil, in addition to comparing chemical, physical and electrical properties for the produced NEI from esterified waste cooking oil and MI oil.Item Preparation of activated carbon from natural plant waste(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Abdel Aziz, Omar Hassan IbrahimBackground: Waste elimination is the most important hazard that threatens human and animal health; these problems are growing every passing day. On this purpose, human beings have used the methods of waste treatment in order to help nature which is still artificial. Most of the waste treatment methods and systems used are very effective. Thus the scientists are working to develop new environment-friendly and low cost treatment systems to contribute in both environment and economy via the use of the wastes products and surplus resulting from the human activities (industry, agriculture, domestic, etc.). The abundant availability of agricultural wastes makes them good sources of raw precursors for preparation of low good activated carbons in the points of my view pomegranate processing industry would serve as a potential alternative precursor for the preparation of low activated carbons. Recently many scientists worldwide turned their interest to the preparation of adsorbent materials which were used for many applications of industrial wastewater treatment. Objective: the present study reveals that the preparation of activated carbon from pomegranate peel has been used as a low cost and eco-friendly bio adsorbent material. In view of these facts. The prepared activated carbon applied to removal of toxic organic pollutants of dyes from water. Methods: The activated carbon produced from pomegranate peel waste by chemical activation process with two type activating agents like zinc chloride, and phosphoric acid. A systematic investigation of the effect of impregnation ratio, activation temperature and activation time on the properties of the activated carbon for each activating agent was done. The optimum preparation conditions together with the effected of these conditions on the yield and efficiency of produced AC have been studied .The chemically activated carbons were characterized by measuring iodine and carbon yield percentage. To decide the superiority of a precursor over the other characterization of the precursor was done using various methods like: CHNS elemental analyzer, Proximate analysis and as well as the performance and absorbing capacity of the activated carbons produced in removing different dyes as organic pollutants in synthetic wastewaters. Results: Based on the results obtained, it appears that the properties of (PP) has rich in elemental carbon content (45-55%), low ash content (2.5%) , moisture (7.1%) and high volatile matter 10 (75%) all this data are a pointer that it will give a high quality activated carbon. activated carbon has been prepared by the chemical activation process two types of chemical activating agent (Zncl2) and (H3Po4) high BET surface areas1350 m2/g, total pore volumes 0.66 cm3/g, iodine number and 714 mg I2/g C high carbon yield 39.4 % by using H3PO4 than zncl2 at Final activation temperature = 600 °C, Activation time = 1 h and Impregnation to PP Ratio (5: 1 wt%) as compared.