Browsing by Author "Zakaria Gad, Mohamed"

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    Overexpression of NMDAR2B in an inflammatory model of Alzheimer's disease: modulation by NOS inhibitors
    (Elsevier, 2014) Maher, Ahmed; Salah-Eldine El-Sayed, Nesrine; Breitinger, Hans-Georg; Zakaria Gad, Mohamed
    Background:Alzheimer’sdisease (AD)is a commonformof age-relateddementia, characterizedbydeposition of amyloid A plaques, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) are postsynaptic glutamate receptors that play a role in memory formation and are targets for memantadine, an anti-AD drug. Nitric oxide (NO) signaling has been involved in both memory development through neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), and neuroinflammation through inducible NO synthase (iNOS) which mediates CNS inflammatory processes. Aim: To study the expression of the NMDAR2B subunit in an inflammatory model of AD before and after treatment with NO modulators. Materials and methods: AD was induced in mice by a single dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Behavioral tests for spatial and non-spatial memories and locomotor activity were performed to assess disease severity and progression. The effects of l-NAME (general NOS inhibitor), 1400W (iNOS inhibitor), diflunisal (systemic anti-inflammatory drug that does not cross the blood brain barrier), and l-arginine, the substrate for NOS was determined. Immunohistochemistry was done to confirm AD and brain lysates were tested for A formation, levels of NMDAR2B subunits, and brain NO levels. Results: Systemic LPS induced AD, as shown by cognitive impairment; increased levels of A and concomitant increase in the brain NO concentrations. This was associated with overexpression of NMDAR2B. All tested drugs improved behavioral dysfunction, prevented A formation and NMDAR overexpression, and lead to decrease in NO concentration in the brain. l-Arginine alone, however, did not produce similar improvements. Conclusion: NMDAR2B subunits are overexpressed in an inflammatory model of AD and NO inhibitors ameliorate this expression.