Browsing by Author "Mourad, M"

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Assessment of Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Diesel Engine using Water Diesel Emulsion: A Review
(Thai Society of Higher Education Institutes on Environment, 2022-01) Mostafa, A; Mustafa, Ahmad; Youssef, I; Mourad, M
Finding sustainable alternative fuel to substitute fossil fuel is a study area of interest for most organizations and societies. Such alternative energy should keep the balance between emissions improvement and diesel engine performance. Water-diesel (W/D) emulsion fuel is considered as an auspicious alternative fuel that can improve diesel engine performance and lower harmful exhaust emissions. This review critically discusses the effect of the obtained blend on diesel engine performance and emission characteristics based on the available experimental findings in the literature. The review also highlights the concept of water-diesel emulsion fuel, surfactant, and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value (HLB). The types of emulsion and micro-explosion phenomena were also discussed. According to the literature review, most of the researchers suggested a significant improvement of the environmental footprint when W/D is used to reduce particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOX). However, other studies criticize the increase in carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. © 2022, Thai Society of Higher Eduation Institutes on Environment. All rights reserved.
Chimeric antigen receptor T cells immunotherapy: challenges and opportunities in hematological malignancies
(FUTURE MEDICINE LTD, UNITEC HOUSE, 3RD FLOOR, 2 ALBERT PLACE, FINCHLEY CENTRAL, LONDON, N3 1QB, ENGLAND, 2020-11) El-Khazragy, N; Ghozy, S; Emad, P; Mourad, M; Razza, D; Farouk, YK; Mohamed, NA; Ahmed, MK; Youssef, T; Bahnasawy, YM; Elmasery, S
Taking advantage of the cellular immune system is the mainstay of the adoptive cell therapy, to induce recognition and destruction of cancer cells. The impressive demonstration of this principle is chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T)-cell therapy, which had a major impact on treating relapsed and refractory hematological malignancies. Despite the great results of the CAR-T-cell therapy, many tumors are still able to avoid immune detection and further elimination, as well as the possible associated adverse events. Herein, we highlighted the recent advances in CAR-T-cell therapy, discussing their applications beneficial functions and side effects in hematological malignancies, illustrating the underlying challenges and opportunities. Furthermore, we provide an overview to overcome different obstacles using potential manufacture and treatment strategies
Influence of aluminum oxide nanoparticles addition with diesel fuel on emissions and performance of engine generator set using response surface methodology
(Elsevier Ltd., 2023-05) Mostafa, A; Mourad, M; Mustafa, Ahmad; Youssef, I
The present study investigates the effect of small-sized aluminum oxide nanoparticle concentration and engine load on the emissions and performance parameters of a single-cylinder diesel engine connected to an AC generator. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) was employed to simulate the design of the experiment. The ultrasonication-assisted preparation method has been used to mix the diesel (D) with two different concentrations of aluminum oxide, namely 50 ppm and 100 ppm. The tested fuels are called D, (D + 50AL2O3), and (D + 100AL2O3) accordingly. The tests were carried out at various engine loads of 0.9, 1.8, and 2.7 kW at a rated speed of 3000 rpm without engine modification. The evaluated characteristics were nitrogen oxide (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and exhaust gas temperature (EGT). According to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) results, the experimental outputs were found to be in good agreement with that of the predicted. Furthermore, the results revealed that the tested fuel D + 50Al2O3 favorably reduced the harmful emissions at all loads investigated. For instance, NOx, HC, and CO emissions decreased by 32.28%, 21.74%, and 20%, respectively. In addition, the BTE improved by 4.91% at 2.7 kW compared to pure diesel. The afore- mentioned potential results revealed that aluminum oxide nanoparticles could effectively reduce emissions pa- rameters and enhance engine performance. Furthermore, the small nanoparticle size of 11 nm and low concentration of only 50 ppm (mixed with diesel) revealed positive technical, environmental, and economic perspectives on the applicability of the proposed nanofuel.
Investigating the Combined Impact of Water–Diesel Emulsion and Al2O3 Nanoparticles on the Performance and the Emissions from a Diesel Engine via the Design of Experiment
(MDPI AG, 2024-02) Mostafa, A; Mourad, M; Mustafa, Ahmad; Youssef, I
This study aims to assess the impact of the water ratio and nanoparticle concentration of neat diesel fuel on the performance characteristics of and exhaust gas emissions from diesel engines. The experimental tests were conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the effects of adding water to neat diesel fuel in ratios of 2.5% and 5% on engine performance and emissions characteristics were examined and compared to those of neat diesel at a constant engine speed of 3000 rpm under three different engine loads. A response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design (CCD) was utilized to simulate the design of the experiment. According to the test results, adding water to neat diesel fuel increased the brake-specific fuel consumption and reduced the brake thermal efficiency compared to neat diesel fuel. In the examination of exhaust emissions, hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the tested fuel containing 2.5% of water were decreased in comparison to pure diesel fuel by 16.62%, 21.56%, and 60.18%, respectively, on average, through engine loading. In the second stage, due to the trade-off between emissions and performance, the emulsion fuel containing 2.5% of water is chosen as the best emulsion from the previous stage and mixed with aluminum oxide nanoparticles at two dose levels (50 and 100 ppm). With the same engine conditions, the emulsion fuel mixed with 50 ppm of aluminum oxide nanoparticles exhibited the best performance and the lowest emissions compared to the other evaluated fuels. The outcomes of the investigations showed that a low concentration of 50 ppm with a small amount of 11 nm of aluminum oxide nanoparticles combined with a water diesel emulsion is a successful method for improving diesel engine performance while lowering emissions. Additionally, it was found that the mathematical model could accurately predict engine performance parameters and pollution characteristics. © 2023 by the authors.