Browsing by Author "Fouad, MM"

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Improving the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) panels by oil coating
(ELSEVIER, 2016) Abd-Elhady, MS; Fouad, MM; Khalil, T
The objective of this research is to develop a new technique for improving the efficiency of Photovoltaic (PV) panels. This technique is done by coating the front surface of the PV panel by a fine layer of oil in order to increase the amount of light transmitted to the panel, and consequently its efficiency. Different types of oils are examined, including both mineral oils and natural oils. In case of mineral oils; vacuum pump oil (Labovac oil), engine oil (Mobil oil) and brake oil (Abro oil) are examined, while in case of natural oils; olive and sunflower oils are examined. An experimental setup has been developed to examine the performance of the PV panels as a function of oil coatings. The experimental setup consists of an artificial sun, the PV panel under investigation, a cooling system and a measuring system to measure the performance of the panel. It has been found that coating the PV panel with a fine layer of Labovac oil, ∼1 mm thick, improves the efficiency of the PV panel by more than 20%, and this is due to the high transmissivity of the Labovac oil compared to other oils. However, the Labovac oil has a drawback which is overheating of the panel due to its high transmissivity. Coating of PV panels with a fine layer of Labovac oil should be done only in cold regions, in order to avoid the heating effect that can decrease the power output of PV panels.
An integrated review of factors influencing the perform of photovoltaic panels
(ELSEVIER, 2017) Fouad, MM; A Shihata, Lamia; I Morgan, ElSayed
The objective of this paper is to introduce the integration of the diverse factors that affect the performance of Photovoltaic panels and how those factors affect the performance of the system. Those factors include: environmental, PV system, installation, cost factors as well as other miscellaneous factors. Each of these factors is further classified into novel subcategories along with the reduction/increase effects of some factors on the system output. Solar irradiance, module temperature, dust accumulation, shading and soiling factors are some of the environmental concerns that have major effects. Panel's I-V characteristics, inverter, battery and panel efficiencies, panel material, atomic structure and band-gap energy are some of the system factors. As for the installation factors, cable characteristics, angle of inclination, mismatch effects, fixed/tracking PV mechanisms as well as MPPT are crucial to consider. Concerning the cost factors, the cables and the overall system costs are to be taken into consideration especially during payback period calculations. Other miscellaneous factors have a role in affecting the performance of the system such as degradations in the PV panel, panel resistances, performance ratio, maintenance and cleaning, sizing of the system as well as the surface area of the panel. The study results shall help both practitioners and researchers in having an inclusive overview about the several factors that can have an effect on the performance of the PV panels by removing the burden of having to search several studies under each category of factors. Moreover, researchers can build on this study by researching new ways to decrease the effect of certain factors which can further enhance the performance of the system. On the other hand, practitioners can introduce new systems that can be physically implemented in our daily lives to hinder the effect of factors negatively affecting PV panels’ performance.
Validation of the spectrophotometric determination of omeprazole and pantoprazole sodium via their metal chelates
(ELSEVIER, 2003) Salama, F; El-Abasawy, N; Abdel Razeq, SA; Ismail, MMF; Fouad, MM
Spectrophotometric procedures for the determination of two irriversible proton pump inhibitors, omeprazole (OMZ) and pantoprazole (PNZ) sodium have been developed, the procedures are based on the formation of 2:1 chelates of both drugs with different metal ions. Pantoprazole sodium is quantified by a stability-indicating procedure through chelation with iron (III) in aqueous-ethanol medium to form an orange chelate picked at 455 nm. The procedure retains its accuracy in presence of up to 70% of its degradate, sulfenic acid prepared by degrading the pure drug in borate buffer of pH 8 at 37 °C for 5 days. The colored chelates of OMZ in ethanol are determined spectrophotometrically at 411, 339 and 523 nm using iron (III), chromium (III) and cobalt (II), respectively. Regression analysis of Beer's plots showed good correlation in the concentration range of 15–95, 10–60 and 15–150 μg ml−1 of pure OMZ using iron (III), chromium (III) and cobalt (II), respectively, and in the range of 30–300 μg ml−1 of PNZ sodium using iron (III). The limits of detection are 0.22–3.65 μg ml−1 while limits of quantitation range between 0.74 and 12.17 μg ml−1. The optimum assay conditions are investigated and the recovery of the cited drugs from their dosage forms ranges from 97.2 to 100.3%. Good values of precision are obtained, intraday R.S.D. are 0.93–1.75% and the inter day R.S.D. are 0.51–3.29%.