Browsing by Author "El-Gendy, Nour Sh"

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Biodiesel Sustainability: Challenges and Perspectives
(Wiely, 2021-09) Nassar, Hussein N; Ismail, Abdallah R; El-Gendy, Nour Sh
The worldwide depletion of high‐quality oil reserves and the immense stringent environmental regulations force decision makers towards alternative biofuels. However, that comes in parallel with the worldwide water scarcity and food versus fuel problems. So for achieving secured economy, sustainable clean energy, overcoming the problem of climate change, ensuring safe lands for food, and preserving oil crops for humans, it is important to produce such biofuels using non‐edible feedstock. This chapter discusses in brief the history of biodiesel development as an example of ecofriendly, biodegradable, non‐toxic and sustainable biofuels. It emphasizes the production of biodiesel from waste oils and fats using sustainable heterogeneous catalysts. It ends with the challenges and opportunities for reaching a feasible transesterification process producing high yield of qualified biodiesel suitable to be used as alternative and/or complementary to the conventional petro‐diesel without affecting engine performance.
A Fully Integrated Biorefinery Process for the Valorization of Ulva fasciata into Different Green and Sustainable Value-Added Products
(MDPI AG, 2023-04) El-Gendy, Nour Sh; Nassar, Hussein N; Ismail, Abdallah R; Ali, Hager R; Ali, Basma Ahmed; Abdelsalam, Khaled M; Mubarak, Manal
In the framework of a sustainable marine bioeconomy, the present work describes an advanced, eco-friendly, fully integrated biorefinery process for marine Ulva fasciata macroalgae. That would serve as a solution for ecosystem bioremediation, an effective utilization of marine macroalgal resources, and a new initiative to promote a green and low-carbon economy. Ulva fasciata biomass can be utilized as an organic fertilizer with total N, P2O5 , and K2O contents of 3.17% and a C/N ratio of 11.71. It can also be used as a solid biofuel with a sufficient calorific value of 15.19 MJ/kg. It has high carbohydrate content and low lignin content of approximately 44.85% and 1.5%, respectively, which recommend its applicability in bioethanol and biobutanol production. Its protein, fiber, lipid, and ash contents of approximately 13.13%, 9.9%, 3.27%, and 21%, respectively with relatively high concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) and omega-9 fatty acids (n-9 MUFAs) and relatively low omega-6 fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) and a n-6/n-3 ratio of 0.13 also recommend its applicability as food additives and animal feeders. Moreover, the suggested sequential zero-waste biomass residue process yielded 34.89% mineral-rich water extract (MRWE), 2.61% chlorophylla,b, 0.41% carotenoids, 12.55% starch, 3.27% lipids, 22.24% ulvan, 13.37% proteins, and 10.66% cellulose of Ulva fasciata dry weight. The efficient biocidal activity of extracted ulvan against pathogenic microorganisms and sulfate-reducing bacteria recommends its application for medical purposes, water densification, and mitigation of microbially induced corrosion in the oil and gas industry.
Highly efficient one-pot bioethanol production from corn stalk with biocompatible ionic liquids
(Elsevier Ltd., 2023-05) Zhu, Qingqing; Gao, Die; Yan, Dongxia; Tang, Jing; Cheng, Xiujie; El Sayed, Ibrahim El Tantawy; El-Gendy, Nour Sh; Lu, Xingmei; Xin, Jiayu
Efficient utilization of ionic liquids (ILs) for transforming lignocellulose into biofuel and alleviating concerns over shortages of nonrenewable resources is still an urgent issue. Herein, a highly efficient one-pot bioethanol production with biocompatible ILs was designed. XRD, TGA, and DSC analysis showed that pre-treatment of corn stalk with [Ch][Gly] trend to become easier to depolymerize than the untreated sample. Under one-pot process, the efficiency of [Ch][Gly] pretreated method could achieve a 9-fold sugar yield, i.e., 324.7 mg glucose/PU and 131.8 mg xylose/PU (1 PU = 10 g, 3 wt% [Ch][Gly] aqueous). The conditions for the whole process were optimized and the maximum yield% were achieved 80 % for glucose, 79 % for xylose, and 84 % for bioethanol. Besides, we found that increasing surface area and pore size could enhance accessibility for enzymes to attack cellulose and hemicellulose. The proposed study offers an efficient one-pot bioethanol production strategy with sustainable ILs.
Kinetic and statistical perspectives on the interactive effects of recalcitrant polyaromatic and sulfur heterocyclic compounds and in-vitro nanobioremediation of oily marine sediment at microcosm level
(Elsevier, 2022-01-24) Nassar, Hussein N; Rabie, Abdelrahman M; Abu Amr, Salem A; El-Gendy, Nour Sh
A halotolerant biosurfactant producer Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain NSH3 (NCBI Gene Bank Accession No. MN149622) was isolated to degrade high concentrations of recalcitrant polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polyaromatic heterocyclic sulfur compounds (PASHs). In biphasic batch bioreactors, the biodegradation and biosurfactant-production activities of NSH3 have been significantly enhanced (p < 0.0001) by its decoration with eco-friendly prepared magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs). On an artificially contaminated sediment microcosm level, regression modeling and statistical analysis based on a 23 full factorial design of experiments were trendily applied to provide insights into the interactive impacts of such pollutants. MNPs-coated NSH3 were also innovatively applied for nanobioremediation (NBR) of in-vitro diesel oil-polluted sediment microcosms. Gravimetric, chromatographic, and microbial respiratory analyses proved the significantly enhanced biodegradation capabilities of MNPs-coated NSH3 (p < 0.001) and the complete mineralization of various recalcitrant diesel oil components. Kinetic analyses showed that the biodegradation of iso- and n-alkanes was best fitted with a second-order kinetic model equation. Nevertheless, PAHs and PASHs in biphasic batch bioreactors and sediment microcosms followed the first-order kinetic model equation. Sustainable NBR overcome the toxicity of low molecular weight hydrocarbons, mass transfer limitation, and steric hindrance of hydrophobic recalcitrant high molecular weight hydrocarbons and alkylated polyaromatic compounds
A Mini Review on Flotation Techniques and Reagents Used in Graphite Beneficiation
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2023-03) Vasumathi, N.; Sarjekar, Anshuli; Chandrayan, Hrishikesh; Chennakesavulu, K; Reddy, G Ramanjaneya; Kumar, T. V. Vijaya; El-Gendy, Nour Sh; Gopalkrishna, S. J
Due to its numerous and major industrial uses, graphite is one of the significant carbon allotropes. Refractories and batteries are only a couple of the many uses for graphite. A growing market wants high-purity graphite with big flakes. Since there are fewer naturally occurring high-grade graphite ores, low-grade ores must be processed to increase their value to meet the rising demand, which is predicted to increase by >700% by 2025 due to the adoption of electric vehicles. Since graphite is inherently hydrophobic, flotation is frequently used to beneficiate low-grade ores. The pretreatment process, both conventional and unconventional; liberation/grinding methods; flotation methods like mechanical froth flotation, column flotation, ultrasound-assisted flotation, and electroflotation; and more emphasis on various flotation reagents are all covered in this review of beneficiation techniques. This review also focuses on the different types of flotation reagents that are used to separate graphite, such as conventional reagents and possible nonconventional environmentally friendly reagents.
Nano-Magnetic Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulosic Composite as a Sustainable Photocatalyst for Textile Industrial Effluent Remediation
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-05) Tony, Maha A; El-Gendy, Nour Sh; Hussien, Mohamed; Ahmed, Abdullah A. S; Xin, Jiayu; Lu, Xingmei; El-Sayed, Ibrahim El Tantawy
Researchers have focused on deriving environmentally benign materials from biomass waste and converting them into value-added materials. In this study, cellulosic crystals derived from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) are augmented with magnetite (M) nanoparticles. Following the co-precipitation route, the composite was prepared, and then the mixture was subjected to a green microwave solvent-less technique. Various mass ratios of SCB:M (1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 5:1, and 1:2) were prepared and efficiently utilized as photocatalysts. To look at the structural and morphological properties of the prepared samples, X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and elemental analysis were used to describe the composite fibers. SCB:M augmented with H2O2 as a Fenton reaction was used to eliminate Reactive blue 19 (RB19) from polluted water and was compared with pristine SCB and M. Additionally, the response surface methodology (RSM) statistically located and assessed the optimized parameters. The optimal operating conditions were recorded at pH 2.0 and 3:1 SCB: M with 40 mg/L and 100 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide. However, the temperature increase inhibits the oxidation reaction. The kinetic modeling fit showed the reaction following the second-order kinetic model with an energy barrier of 98.66 kJ/mol. The results show that such photocatalyst behavior is a promising candidate for treating textile effluent in practical applications.
Phycoremediation of Phenol Polluted Petro‐Industrial Effluents and Its Techno‐Economic Values as a Win‐Win Process for a Green Environment, Sustainable Energy and Bioproducts
(wiley online library, 2021-01) El-Gendy, Nour Sh; Nassar, Hussein N
The discharge of the toxic phenol polluted petro‐industrial effluents (PPPIE) has severe environmental negative impacts, thus it is mandatory to be treated before its discharge. The objective of this review is to discuss the sustainable application of microalgae in phenols degradation, with a special emphasis on the enzymes involved in this bioprocess and the factors affecting the success of PPPIE phycoremediation. Moreover, it confers the microalgae bioenergetic strategies to degrade different forms of phenols in PPPIE. It also points out the advantages of the latest application of bacteria, fungi, and microalgae as microbial consortia in phenols biodegradation. Briefly, phycoremediation of PPPIE consumes carbon dioxide emitted from petro‐industries for; valorization of the polluted water to be reused and production of algal biomass which can act as a source of energy for such integrated bioprocess. Besides the harvested algal biomass can feasibly produce; third‐generation biofuels, biorefineries, bioplastics, fish and animal feed, food supplements, natural dyes, antioxidants, and many other valuable products. Consequently, this review precisely confirms that the phycoremediation of PPPIE is a win‐win process for a green environment and a sustainable future. Thus, to achieve the three pillars of sustainability; social, environmental, and economic; it is recommendable to integrate PPPIE treatment with algal cultivation. This integrated process would overcome the problem of greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and climate change, solve the problem of water‐scarce, and protect the environment from the harmful negative impacts of PPPIE.
Recruitment of long short-term memory for envisaging the higher heating value of valorized lignocellulosic solid biofuel: A new approach
(Taylor and Francis, 2021-08-13) Al-Sadek, Ahmed F; Gad, Beshoy K; Nassar, Hussein N; El-Gendy, Nour Sh
The valorization of lignocellulosic wastes via the concept of bio-based circu- lar economy to achieve the sustainable development goals of clean energy, safe life on land, and climate change mitigation is a worldwide scope nowa- days. Lignocellulosic wastes are considered sustainable energy resources; consequently, it is crucial to find a cost-effective and time-saving method for predicting its higher heating value (HHV) to qualify its feasibility as a solid biofuel. In this study, the long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm as a deep-learning (DL) approach has been applied in a pioneering step to calculate the HHV from 623 proximate analyses of various lignocellulosic biomasses. The relatively high value of the correlation coefficent of determi- nation (R2 0.8567) and low values of mean square error (MSE 0.67), root- mean-square error (RMSE 0.819), mean absolute error (MAE 0.597), and average absolute error (AAE 0.0319) confirmed the exceptional accuracy of the suggested LSTM model. Thus, recommending applying DL-LSTM as a new approach for building models since it provides an accurate prediction of HHV without the need for time-consuming and complicated experimental measurements or the conventional regression analysis and statistical modeling.
A Study on the Valorization of Rice Straw into Different Value-Added Products and Biofuels
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2024-04) Ali, Basma A; Hosny, Mohamed; Nassar, Hussein N; Elhakim, Heba K. A; El-Gendy, Nour Sh
Tis work depicts that rice straw (RS), which is one of the major lignocellulosic wastes all over the world and causing many environmental problems, has considerable amounts of protein, ash, macronutrients, and micronutrients of approximately 11.38%, 16.77%, 2.27 mg/kg, and 771.9 mg/kg, respectively; besides, a C/N ratio of 15.18, a total N, P2O5, and K2O content of 1.85%, and a considerably low concentration of undesirable heavy metals and silica of approximately 77.69 mg/kg and 109 mg/kg are also present, which recommends its applicability as a precursor feedstock for the production of organic fertilizer and animal fodder. Te batch solid-state fermentation (SSF) of RS by Trichoderma longibrachiatum DSMZ 16517 produced considerable amount of total reducing sugars (TRS) of approximately 339.2 mg TRS/g RS under the optimum operatic conditions of 20% (w:v) substrate concentration, pH 7, 1% inoculum size, a 9-day incubation period, and 30°C incubation temperature. Te readily available and cost-efective agroindustrial waste, sugarcane molasses, proved to enhance the fungal biomass growth and (hemi) cellulolytic enzymes activities. Te inoculated RS-SSF batch process with T. longibrachiatum precultured on 10% molasses enhanced the (hemi) cellulolytic enzymatic activities and TRS production rate by approximately 5.82 and 3.8 folds, respectively, relative to that inoculated by T. longibrachiatum precultured in the conventional potato dextrose broth medium. Te separate hydrolysis and fermentation processes by diferent yeast strains Candida tropicalis DSM 70156, C. shehatae ATCC 58779, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 64712 revealed an efcient bioethanol yield and productivity that ranged between 0.36 and 0.38 g/g sugars and 0.22 and 0.23 g/L/h, respectively, with concomitant competent fermentation efciencies that ranged between 48.35% and 51.25%. Te proximate analysis of rice straw before and after fungal hydrolysis proved calorifc values of approximately 15.8 MJ/kg and 16.05 MJ/kg, respectively, recommending their applicability as primary and secondary solid biofuels. Tus, this study proved the waste prosperity of RS for environmental opulence and sustainability.
Sustainable ecofriendly recruitment of bioethanol fermentation lignocellulosic spent waste biomass for the safe reuse and discharge of petroleum production produced water via biosorption and solid biofuel production
(Elsevier, 2022) Nassar, Hussein N; El-azab, Waleed I.M; El-Gendy, Nour Sh
Sustainable lignocellulosic spent waste rice straw (SWRS) from bioethanol production inventively applied in this study to valorize petroleum production produced water (PPPW). SWRS expressed efficient pollutant removal over a wide range of petroleum concentration, temperature, pH, salinity, and mixing rate reaching approximately 217 mg/g, within four hours contact time. Kinetic studies revealed a pseudo-second-order chemisorption process with a boundary layer control and 16.97 kJ/mol activation energy where the intra-particle diffusion was not the only rate regulatory step. Thermodynamic studies revealed spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic adsorption, with a strong affinity between the SWRS and oil molecules. Biosorption mechanism studies proved the enrollment of SWRS components’ lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in the oil uptake with the predominance of chemisorption over physisorption onto the rough and highly porous SWRS surface. A single-stage batch biosorption process was designed based on the best fitted Langmuir adsorption isotherm and applied on a real PPPW sample. The Egyptian standard limits for safe industrial effluents discharge into marine environment with a concomitant decrease in scale formation precursors were achieved recommending its safe reuse for enhanced oil recovery. Finally, for accomplishing zero-waste, SWRS disposed of PPPW treatment substantiated valorized solid biofuel with a sufficient calorific value 38.56 MJ/kg.
Sustainable green synthesized nanoparticles: bioapplications and biosafety
(Elsevier, 2020-09) El-Gendy, Nour Sh; Omran, Basma
Removal of Toxic Pollutants Through Microbiological and Tertiary Treatment New Perspectives 2020, Pages 549-586 21 - Sustainable green synthesized nanoparticles: bioapplications and biosafety Author links open overlay panelNour Sh.El-GendyabBasma A.Omrana a Petroleum Biotechnology Lab, Processes Design and Development Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt b Center of Excellence, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt Available online 18 September 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821014-7.00021-6 Get rights and content Abstract Nanotechnology is a very promising field in several disciplines. Green synthesis techniques are being preferred as more simplistic and eco-friendly approaches for the synthesis of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles than the traditional physical and chemical routes. In recent years, nanoparticles of noble metals such as gold, silver, and palladium have drawn immense attention due to the wide range of their innovative applications in various fields of industry, particularly the biomedical and environmental fields. Thus, it is very important to evaluate their toxicity, to make sure of its biosafety. For instance, silver nanoparticles have attracted significant interest in medical applications, such as diagnosis, treatment, medical device coating, drug delivery, personal health-care products, and as excellent antibacterial agents. Which somehow would approve its biosafety. However, the design and fabrication of nanomaterials with well-controlled physicochemical features and morphological properties to be applied in the human body and environment, remain the focus of many researchers. Nevertheless, the mechanisms for safe utilization, application, and accumulation still need further studies. This chapter aims to discuss the biosafety and medical applications of different green synthesized nanoparticles to approve its recommendation to be applied for pollutant remediation and water treatment. Furthermore, this chapter addresses toxicity issues and the safety rules related to biomedical applications.
Valorization of Waste Cooking Oil into Biodiesel via Bacillus stratosphericus Lipase Amine-Functionalized Mesoporous SBA-15 Nanobiocatalyst
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2022-11) Ismail, Abdallah R; Kashtoh, Hamdy; Betiha, Mohamed A; Abu Amr, Salem A; Baek, Kwang-Hyun; El-Gendy, Nour Sh
In this study, evaporation-induced self-assembly was applied to prepare amine-functionalized nano-silica (NH2-Pr-SBA-15). Tat was simply used to immobilize Bacillus stratosphericus PSP8 lipase (E–NH2–Pr-SBA-15), producing a nanobiocatalyst with good stability under vigorous shaking and a maximum lipase activity of 45 ± 2 U/mL. High-resolution X-ray dif- fractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption, feld-emission scanning electron, and high- resolution transmission electron microscopic analyses proved the successful SBA-15 functionalization and enzyme im- mobilization. Response surface methodology based on a 1/2 fraction-three-levels face center composite design was applied to optimize the biodiesel transesterifcation process. Tis expressed efcient percentage conversion (97.85%) and biodiesel yield (97.01%) under relatively mild operating conditions: 3.12 : 1 methanol to oil ratio, 3.08 wt.% E–NH2–Pr-SBA-15 loading, 48.6°C, 3.19 h at a mixing rate of 495.53 rpm. E–NH2–Pr-SBA-15 proved to have a long lifetime, operational stability, and reusability.
Waste prosperity: Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) peels inspired SPION for enhancing diesel oil biodesulfurization efficiency by Rhodococcus erythropolis HN2
(Elsevier, 6/15/2021) Nassar, Hussein N; Ali, Hager R; El-Gendy, Nour Sh
To enrich the activity and the lifetime of the selective desulfurizing Rhodococcus erythropolis HN2, a novel uni-pot eco-friendly, rapid, energy-saving, sustainable, simple, and green hydrothermal precipitation is applied to prepare superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) using the widely abundant and costless mandarin (Citrus reticulata) peels agro/domestic waste. X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential measurement, vibrating sample magnetometer, scanning electron microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscope, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed crystalline, highly stable spherical shaped Fe3O4 NPs with 11.58 nm average size and 51.12 emu/g magnetic saturation. The green biofunctionalized SPION proved to be non-toxic for HN2 and used for its magnetization, recording 24.97 emu/g at the optimum SPION/biomass ratio of 0.9 g/g. The first-order kinetic model described well the biodesulfurization profile of thiophenic model oil. The magnetized HN2 gained the advantage of tolerance for relatively high oil feed concentrations, higher BDS efficiency, and easier separation by applying an external magnetic field beside its efficient reusability for six consecutive times keeping approximately 80% of its initial activity. In a 120 h biphasic batch BDS process (30% v/v oil/water), the green magnetized HN2 removed approximately 86% and 96% of the 500 mg/L and 690 mg/L total sulfur content of a thiophenic model oil and a hydrodesulfurized diesel oil under mild operating conditions, respectively.