Browsing by Author "El Zahed, Hala"

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    Development of the cinema industry in Egypt
    (Taylor and Francis, 2024-06) El Zahed, Hala
    This chapter provides an overview of the major milestones in the history of Egyptian cinema. It also sheds light on the recent obstacles halting the development of the film sector in Egypt. These include the high cost of film production due to the reliance on imported equipment, thereby increasing rental costs and filming expenses. Also, a handful of production companies have monopolized film production, while the rise of online streaming services and piracy remain challenging for the industry. The inability of production companies to secure financial liquidity prevents them from producing high-budget films. To bounce back, the Egyptian cinema sector must address the high cost, the dominance of certain celebrities, and other challenges.
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    Social Capital and Water Conservation Behavior among University Students in Egypt
    (Cairo University, 2020-12) El Zahed, Hala; Habib, Mary
    Water represents national security issue in Egypt due to population rising, agricultural expansion, industrial development and recently the construction of the Ethiopian Great Dam. Facing such communal issues is affected by the levels of social capital. The Egyptian government guaranteed water conservation by issuing laws to be officially implemented. This paper examines water conservation strategies as environmentally sustainable commitment of embracing new activities, gaining behavioral norms, and getting used to saving water as unrenewable resource for life. Social capital is the relationship in which individuals can obtain information, knowledge, and resources through social networks, shared norms and values, and trust. It required measuring the effect of people’s attitudes based on the above three categories and finding sound solutions involved changing water saving behaviors. The researchers explored how social capital standards could be carried out by Egyptian youth in an effective manner through conducting 400 questionnaires using 'convenience sample' distributing them among MSA university students measuring the relationship between social capital (individual engagement and participation) and water conservation behavior. The study found that horizontal social bonding and bridging between family and friends is stronger than vertical linkage of strangers and neighbors’ social networks among MSA students. There are weak ties within social capital networks which affect negatively the water conservation behavior. Results also showed that the impact of social capital in shared norms and values reveals less self-sustaining solutions regarding water saving behavior. Recommendations are concluded built on the fact that impact of TV and radio have great influence of more than the demographic orientation (home and friends) in strengthening water conservation behavior regarding sharing knowledge, purpose, and vision. Ironically, students expressed that they did not hear about water saving behavior from university, a fact that needs further initiatives.