Wide-bandgap Cesium-Formamidinium-Based Perovskite for Possible Indoor Applications: TCAD Simulation Study

Abstract

This study investigates the potential of Cesium−formamidinium-based (CsyFA1−yPb(IxBr1−x)3) perovskite materials as promising candidates for efcient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs), that can be tailored for indoor applications. These materials ofer the unique advantage of simultaneously stabilizing photoactive compositional phase transitions and enhancing thermal stability, making them well-suited for indoor environments. The optical band gaps of Cesium−formamidinium, ranging from 1.5 to 1.8 eV, can be engineered to align with the spectrum of light sources commonly used indoors. Therefore, this study directs into the design and simulation of Cesium-FormamidiniumBased PSCs, with a specifc emphasis on optimizing their performance under indoor LED illumination. Parameter manipulation related to the Hole Transport Layer (HTL) and Electron Transport Layer (ETL) is utilized to establish optimal band alignment in order to reduce recombination losses and boost power conversion efciency. A co-design approach between the ETL and HTL is introduced, enabling precise engineering of interfaces, and optimizing charge transport and collection efciency. This research presents an optimal design with a conduction band minimum (VBM) energy level of 4.05 eV for the ETL and a valence band maximum (VBM) energy level of 5.15 eV for the HTL, resulting in a power conversion efciency (PCE) of 25.00%, and an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.939 V.