Yousry C.Elkheshen S.A.El-laithy H.M.Essam T.Fahmy R.H.Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial PharmacyFaculty of PharmacyCairo UniversityKasr El-Aini StCairoEgypt; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical TechnologyFaculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical IndustriesFuture University in EgyptCairoEgypt; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial PharmacyFaculty of PharmacyUniversity of Modern Science and ArtCairoEgypt; Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyFaculty of PharmacyCairo UniversityKasr El-Aini StCairoEgypt; Department of PharmaceuticsFaculty of PharmacyAhram Canadian University6th of October CityCairoEgypt2020-01-092020-01-0920179280987https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2017.01.013PubMed ID 28089661https://t.ly/DXrmlScopusOcular topically applied Vancomycin (VCM) suffers poor bioavailability due to its high molecular weight and hydrophilicity. In the present investigation, VCM-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) were developed aiming to enhance its ocular bioavailability through prolonging its release pattern and ophthalmic residence. PNPs were prepared utilizing double emulsion (W/O/O), solvent evaporation technique. 23 � 41 full factorial design was applied to evaluate individual and combined influences of polymer type, Eudragit� RS100, sonication time, and Span�80 concentration on PNPs particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and zeta potential. Further, the optimized formulae were incorporated in 1% Carbopol�-based gel. In-vivo evaluation of the optimized formulae was performed via Draize test followed by microbiological susceptibility testing on albino rabbits. Results revealed successful formulation of VCM-loaded PNPs was achieved with particle sizes reaching 155 nm and up to 88% encapsulation. Draize test confirmed the optimized formulae as non-irritating and safe for ophthalmic administration. Microbiological susceptibility testing confirmed prolonged residence, higher Cmax. with more than two folds increment in the AUC(0.25�24) of VCM-PNPs over control groups. Thus, VCM-loaded PNPs represent promising carriers with superior achievements for enhanced Vancomycin ophthalmic delivery over the traditional use of commercially available VCM parenteral powder after constitution into a solution by the ophthalmologists. � 2017 Elsevier B.V.EnglishDraize testMicrobiological susceptibility testingOcular infectionPoly (D,L-lactide- coglycolide) (PLGA)Polycaprolactone (PCL)Vancomycincarbomereudragitnanoparticlepolymersolventsorbitan oleatevancomycinacrylic acid resinantiinfective agentdrug carriereudragit rsgelnanoparticlevancomycinanimal tissuearea under the curveArticlecontrolled studydrug bioavailabilitydrug delivery systemdrug formulationdrug releaseemulsionencapsulationfactorial designin vivo studymaximum plasma concentrationnonhumanparticle sizepriority journalultrasoundzeta potentialanimalchemistrydrug effectsdrug formulationgelintraocular drug administrationpHrabbits and haresStaphylococcus aureusAcrylic ResinsAdministration, OphthalmicAnimalsAnti-Bacterial AgentsDrug CarriersDrug CompoundingDrug LiberationGelsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationNanoparticlesRabbitsStaphylococcus aureusVancomycinArticlehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2017.01.013PubMed ID 28089661