Diab, Ayman AMK Nada, AhmedAshoub, Ahmed2020-02-032020-02-032013Abou Ali R, El-Hefnawy M, Nada A (2009). Isolation and characterization of Cab8 gene from wild Vicia cinera species. Egyptian J. Genet. Cytol. 38:335-346. Aeschbacher RA, Müller J, Boller T, Wiemken A (1999). Purification of the trehalase GMTRE 1 from soybean nodules and cloning of its cDNA: GMTRE 1 is expressed at a low level in multiple tissues. Plant Physiol. 119:489-496. Alexandrov NN, Brover VV, Freidin S, Troukhan ME, Tatarinova TV, Zhang H, Swaller TJ, Lu YP, Bouck J, Flavell RB, Feldman KA (2009). Insights into corn genes derived from large-scale cDNA sequencing. Plant Mol. Biol. 69:179-194. Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schäffer AA, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DL, (1997). Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402. Baena-González E, Rolland F, Thevelein JM, Sheen J (2007). A central integrator of transcription networks in plant stress and energy signalling. Nature 448:938-942. Blazquez MA, Santos E, Flores CL, Martinez-Zapater JM, Salinas J, Gancedo C (1998). Isolation and molecular characterization of the Arabidopsis TPS1 gene, encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase. Plant J. 13:685-689. Bradford MM (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding, Anal. Biochem. 72:248-254. Brodmann A, Schuller A, Müller J, Aeschbacher RA, Wiemken A, Boller T, Wingler A (2002). Introduction of trehalose in Arabidopsis plants infected with the trehalose-producing pathogen Plasmodiphora brassicca, Mol. Plant Microb. Interact. 15:693-700. Carpenter JF (1993). Stabilization of proteins during freezing and dehydration: application of lessons from nature. Cryobiology 30:220- 221. Chomczynski P (1993). A reagent for the single-step simultaneous isolation of RNA, DNA and proteins from cell and tissue samples. BioTechniques 15:532-537. Crowe JH, Crowe LM, Leslie SB, Fisk E (1993). Mechanisms of stabilization of dry biomolecules in anhydrobiotic organisms. In: Close TJ, Bray EA (eds.), Plant Responses to Cellular Dehydration During Environmental Stress. Am. Soc. Plant Physiol. Riverside, CA. pp. 11- 20. Cumino A, Curatti L, Giarrocco L, Salerno GL (2002). Sucrose metabolism: Anabaena sucrose-phosphate synthase and sucrosephosphate phosphatase define minimal functional domains shuffled during evolution. FEBS Lett. 517:19-23. Diab AA, Ageez A, Abdelgawad BA, Salem TZ (2007). Cloning, sequence analysis and in silico mapping of a drought-inducible gene coding for s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase from durum wheat. World App. Sci. J. 2(4):333-340. Eastmond PJ, Graham IA (2003). Trehalose metabolism: a regulatory role for trehalose-6-phosphate? Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 6:231-235. Eastmond PJ, Van Dijken AJ, Spielman M, Kerr A, Tissier AF, Dickinson HG, Jones JD, Smeekens SC, Graham IA (2002). Trehalose- 6-phosphate synthase 1, which catalyses the first step in trehalose synthesis, is essential for Arabidopsis embryo maturation. Plant J. 29:225-235. El-Bashiti T, Hamamcı H, Oktem HA, Yucel M (2005). Biochemical analysis of trehalose and its metabolizing enzymes in wheat under abiotic stress conditions. Plant Sci. 169:47-54. Elbein ADYT, PanYT, Pastuszak I, Carroll D (2003). New insights on trehalose: a multifunctional molecule. Glycobiol. 13:17R-27R. FAO, WFP (2010).. The State of Food Insecurity in the World, Addressing food insecurity in protracted crises. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome. Frohman MA (1994). On beyond classic RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends). Meth. Appl. 4:S40-58. Gaber BP, Chandrasekhar I, Pattabiraman N (1986). The interaction of trehalose with the phospholipid bilayer:a molecular modeling study. In: Leopold AC (ed.), Membranes, metabolism and dry organisms. pp. 231-241. Garg AK, Kim JK, Owens TG, Ranwala AP, Choi YD, Kochian LV, Wu RJ (2002). Trehalose accumulation in rice plants confers high tolerance levels to different abiotic stresses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:15898-15903. Ge LF, Chao DY, Shi M, Zhu MZ, Gao JP, Lin HX (2008). Overexpression of the trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase gene OsTPP1 confers stress tolerance in rice and results in the activation of stress responsive genes. Planta 228:191-201. Goddijn O, Smeekens S (1998). Sensing trehalose biosynthesis in plants. Plant J. 14:143 146. Gomez LD, Baud S, Gilday A, Li Y, Graham IA (2006). Delayed embryo development in the Arabidopsis Trehalose- 6-phosphate synthesis 1 mutant is associated with altered cell wall structure, decreased cell division and starch accumulation. Plant J. 46:69-84. Heid CA, Stevens J, Livak KJ, Williams PM (1996). Real time quantitative PCR. Genome Res. 6(10):986-994. Higo A, Katoh H, Ohmori K, Ikeuchi M, Ohmori M (2006). The role of a gene cluster for trehalose metabolism in dehydration tolerance of the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Microbiol. 152(4):979-987. Jang IC, Oh SJ, Seo JS, Choi WB, Song SI, Kim CH, Kim YS, Seo HS, Choi YD, Nahm BH, Kim JK (2003). Expression of a bifunctional fusion of the Escherichia coli genes for trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase in transgenic rice plants increases trehalose accumulation and a biotic stress tolerance without stunting growth. Plant Physiol. 131:516-524. Katoh H, Asthana RK, Ohmori M (2004). Gene expression in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 under desiccation. Microb. Ecol. 47:164-174. Leyman B, Van Dijck P, Thevelein JM (2001). An unexpected plethora of trehalose biosynthesis genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Trends Plant Sci. 6:510-513. Liang P, Pardee AB (1995). Recent advances in differential display. Curr. Prot. Mol. Biol. 7:274-280. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method Meth. 25:402-408. Martı´nez-Barajas E, Delatte T, Schluepmann H, Jong G, Nunes SC, Primavesi LF, Coello P, Mitchell RAC, Paul MJ (2011). Wheat Grain Development Is Characterized by Remarkable Trehalose 6- Phosphate Accumulation Pregrain Filling: Tissue distribution and relationship to SNF1-Related Protein Kinase1 Activity. Plant Physiol. 156(1):373-381. Mellor RB (1992). Is trehalose a symbiotic determinant in symbioses between higher plants and microorganisms? Symbiosis 12:113-129. Mitchell RAC, CastellsBrooke N, Taubert J, Verrier PJ, Leader DJ, Rawl ings CJ (2007). Wheat estimated transcript server (WhETS): a tool to provide best estimate of hexaploid wheat transcript sequence. Nucleic Acids Res. (Web Server issue) 35:W148-151. Müller J, Aeschbacher RA, Wingler A, Boller T, Wiemken A (2001). Trehalose and trehalase in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 125:1086- 1093. Müller J, Staehelin C, Mellor R, Boller T, Wiemken A (1992). Partial purification and characterization of trehalose from soybean nodules, J. Plant Physiol. 140:8-13. Murphy D, Carter D (1990). Vasopressin gene expression in the rodent hypothalamus: transcriptional and posttranscriptional responses to physiological stimulation. Mol. Endocrinol. 4(7):1051-1059. Ozturk NZ, Talame V, Michalowski CB, Gozukirmizi N, Tuberosa R and Bohnert HJ, (2002). Monitoring large-scale changed in transcript abundance in drought-and salty-stressed barley. Plant Mol. Biol. 48:551-573. Paul M, Pellny T, Goddijn O (2001). Enhancing photosynthesis with sugar signals. Trends Plant Sci. 6(5):197-200. Penna S (2003). Building stress tolerance through over-producing trehalose in transgenic plants. Trends Plant Sci. 8:355-357. Potts M (1994). Desiccation tolerance of prokaryotes. Microbiol. Rev. 58:755-805. Pramanik MH, Imai R (2005). Functional identification of a trehalose 6- phosphate phosphatase gene that is involved in transient induction of trehalose biosynthesis during chilling stress in rice. Plant Mol. Biol. 58:751-762. Saitou N, Nei M (1987). The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4:406-425. Sambrook J, Fritisch EF, Maniatis T (1989). Molecularc loning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR (1977). Biochemistry DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors (DNA polymerase/nucleotide sequences/bacteriophage 4X174). Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. 74(12):5463-5467. Satoh-Nagasawa N, Nagasawa N, Malcomber S, Sakai H, Jackson D (2006). A trehalose metabolic enzyme controls inflorescence architecture in maize. Nature 441:227-230. Schluepmann H, Pellny T, Van Dijken A, Smeekens S, Paul M (2003). Trehalose 6-phosphate is indispensable for carbohydrate utilization and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:6849-6854. Schluepmann H, Van Dijken A, Aghdasi M, Wobbes B, Paul M, Smeekens S (2004). Trehalose mediated growth inhibition of Arabidopsis seedlings is due to trehalose-6-phosphate accumulation. Plant Physiol. 135:879-890. Shima S, Matsui H, Tahara S, Imai R (2007). Biochemical characterization of rice trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatases supports distinctive functions of these plant enzymes. FEBS J. 274:1192-1201. Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2007). Gene networks involved in drought stress response and tolerance. J. Exp. Bot. 58:221-227. Strom AR, Kaasen I (1993). Trehalose metabolism in Escherichia coli: stress protection and stress regulation of gene expression. Mol. Microbiol. 8:205-210. Talame V, Ozturk NZ, Bohnert HJ, Tuberosa R (2006). Barley transcript profiles under dehydration shock and drought stress treatments: a comparative analysis. J. Exp. Botany Integr. Approaches Sustain Improve Plant Prod. Drought Stress Special Issue. pp. 1-12. Vandercammen A, Francois J, Hers HG (1989). Characterization of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur. J. Biochem. 182:613-620. Van Dijck P, Mascorro-Gallardo JO, De Bus M, Royackers K, Iturriaga G, Thevelein JM (2002). Truncation of Arabidopsis thaliana and Selaginella lepidophylla trehalose-6-phosphate synthase unlocks high catalytic activity and supports high trehalose levels on expression in yeast. Biochem. J. 366:63-71. Vogel G, Aeschbacher RA, Müller J, Boller T, Wiemken A (1998). Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatases from Arabidopsis thaliana: identification by functional complementation of the yeast TPS2 mutant. Plant J. 13:673-683 Wiemken A (1990). Trehalose in yeast, stress protectant rather than reserve carbohydrate. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 58:209-217. Wingler A (2001). Trehalose metabolism in Arabidopsis: occurrence of trehalose and molecular cloning and characterization of trehalose-6- phosphate synthase homologues. J. Exp. Bot. 52:1817-1826. Wolf A, Krämer R, Morbach S (2003). Three pathways for trehalose metabolism in Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 and their significance in response to osmotic stress. Mol. Microbiol. 49:1119- 1134. Xue GP, McIntyre LC, Glassop D, Shorter R (2008). Use of expression analysis to dissect alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in wheat leaves during drought stres. Plant Mol. Biol. 67:197-214.2141-2154https://t.ly/k7PyLMSA Google ScholarTrehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide which consists of two glucose units that functions as a compatible solute to stabilize the membrane structures under heat and desiccation stress. Trehalose-6- phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose-6- phosphate phosphatase (TPP) are the key enzymes for trehalose biosynthesize in the plant kingdom. On the basis of bioinformatics prediction, fragment containing an open reading frame of 945 bp was cloned from durum wheat. Sequence comparison and analysis of conserved domains revealed the presence of a TPP domain. Full length of the gene was isolated using gene race technology. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR and real time quantitative PCR indicated that the expression of this gene is up-regulated in response to drought stress. The biochemical assay of the trehalase activity showed that the enzyme's activity decreased under the dehydration stress. The obtained phylogenic tree showed that the isolated TPP protein forms a distinct clad close to the Oryza sativa trehalose-6- phosphate phosphatase. In silico and comparative mapping indicated that the isolated TPP gene is localized on rice chromosome 8, durum wheat chromosome 20, bread wheat chromosome 3B, oat linkage group E, sorghum chromosome 4 and barley 5H.enAbiotic stress tolerancetrehalose-6- phosphate phosphatase (TPP)durum wheattrehalosereal time PCRcloningfull length genedrought stressArticle