Rageh Ismail, AhmedNguyen, BangMelewar, T.C.2020-01-212020-01-212018Ahuja, M.K. and Galvin, J.E. (2003) ‘Socialization in virtual groups’, Journal of Management, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.161–185. Ailawadi, K.L., Neslin, S.A. and Gedenk, K. (2001) ‘Pursuing the value-conscious consumer: store brands versus national brand promotions’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp.71–89. Akar, E. and Topçu, B. (2011) ‘An examination of the factors influencing consumers’ attitudes toward social media marketing’, Journal of Internet Commerce, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp.35–67. Bagozzi, R.P. (1994) Principles of marketing research. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge. Bagozzi, R., and Dholakia, U. (2006) ‘Open source software communities: A study of participation in Linux user groups’, Management Science, Vol. 52, No. 7, pp.1099–1115. Bagozzi, R. P. and Dholakia, U. M. (2006) ‘Antecedents and purchase consequences of customer participation in small group brand communities’, International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp.45–61. A.R. Ismail, B. Nguyen and T.C. Melewar Bao, Y. and Mandrik, C. A. (2004) ‘Discerning store brand users from value consciousness consumers: the role of prestige sensitivity and need for cognition’, Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp.707–712. Barefoot, D., and J. Szabo. (2010) Friends with benefits: A social media marketing handbook, San Francisco: No Starch Press. Batra, R. (1997) ‘Marketing issues and challenges in transitional economics’, Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp.95–114. Braun, O.L. and Wicklund, R.A. (1989) ‘Psychological antecedents of conspicuous consumption’, Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp.161–187. Brouthers, L. E. and Xu, K. (2002) ‘Product stereotypes, strategy and performance satisfaction: the case of Chinese exporters’, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp.657–677. Byrne, B. M. (2013) Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Routledge. Calder, B.J. and Bumkrant, R.E. (1977) ‘Interpersonal influence on consumer behavior: an attribution theory approach’, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp.29–38. Cheung, C.K. and Chan, C.F. (1996) ‘Television viewing and mean world value in Hong Kong’s adolescents’, Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp.351–364. Chung, E. and Fischer, E. (2001) ‘When conspicuous consumption becomes inconspicuous: the case of the migrant Hong Kong consumers’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp.474–487. Chung, T-L., Anaza, N.A., Park, J. and Hall-Phillips, A. (2016) ‘Who’s behind the screen? Segmenting social venture consumers through social media usage’, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 28, pp.288–295. Churchill, G.A., Jr. and Moschis, G.P. (1979) ‘Television and interpersonal influences on adolescent consumer learning’, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp.23–35. Correa, T., Hinsley, A.W., and de Zúñiga, H.G. (2010) ‘Who interacts on the Web?: The intersection of users’ personality and social media use’, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.247–253. Cui, G. and Liu, Q. (2001) ‘Executive insights: Emerging market segments in a transitional economy: A study of urban consumers in China’, Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp.84–106. Davis, R., Piven, I., and Breazeale, M. (2015) ‘Conceptualizing the brand in social media community: The five sources model’, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp.468–481. De Young, R. (1986) ‘Some psychological aspects of recycling the structure of conservationsatisfactions’, Environment and behavior, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp.435–449. Dunnhumby (2014) Consumer Price Sensitivity and its Impact on Advertising, available at: www.dunnhumby.com, (accessed December 2014) Ellison, N.B., Steinfield, C., and Lampe, C. (2007) ‘The benefits of Facebook “friends:” Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites’, Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp.1143–1168. Erkan, I. and Evans, E. (2016) ‘The influence of eWOM in social media on consumers’ purchase intentions: An extended approach to information adoption’, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 61, pp.47–55. Escalas, J.E. and Bettman, J. (2005) ‘Self-construal, reference groups, and brand meaning’, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp.378–389. Evans, D. (2012) Social media marketing: An hour a day. John Wiley & Sons. Fan, J.X., and Xiao, J.J. (1998) ‘Consumer decision-making styles of young-adult Chinese’, The Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp.275–294.Fornell, C., and Larcker, D.F. (1981) ‘Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement errors’, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp.39–50. Foux, G. (2006) ‘Consumer-generated media: Get your customers involved’, Brand Strategy, Vol. 8, No. 202, pp.38–39. Gallup, (2014) The myth of social media: A majority of consumers say they are not influenced by Facebook or Twitter. Available online at: http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/ sac_report_11_socialmedia_061114.pdf (accessed in November 2014). Garretson, J.A., Fisher, D., and Burton, S. (2002) ‘Antecedents of private label attitude and national brand promotion attitude: Similarities and differences’, Journal of Retailing, Vol. 78, No. 2, pp.91–100. Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., and Signorielli, N. (1980) ‘The “mainstreaming” of America: Violence profile’, Journal of Communication, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp.10–29. Gonzales, A.L., and Hancock, J.T. (2011) ‘Mirror, mirror on my Facebook wall: Effects of exposure to Facebook on self-esteem’, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, Vol. 14, Nos. 1/2, pp.79–83. Goldsmith, R., Flynn, L. and Eastman, J. (1996) ‘Status consumption and fashion behaviour: An exploratory study’, Association of Marketing Theory and Practice Proceedings, Hilton Head, SC, pp.309–316. Graffigna, G. and Gambetti, R.C. (2015) ‘Getting insight or getting lost? An integrated mixedmethod approach to social media discourse and its impact on marketing decision-making’, International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp.103–120. Hair, J. F., Tatham, R. L., Anderson, R. E., and Black, W. (2006) Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 6), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Ham, C-D., Lee, J., and Lee, H-S. (2014) ‘Understanding consumers’ creating behaviour in social media: an application of uses and gratifications and the theory of reasoned action’, International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp.241–263. Harman, D. (1967) ‘A single factor test of common method variance’, Journal of Psychology, Vol. 35, pp.359–378. Hainla, L. (2017) 21 Social Media Marketing Statistics You Need to Know in 2017. Dreamgrow.com. https://www.dreamgrow.com/21-social-media-marketing-statistics/ Hennig-Thurau, Thorsten, Kevin P. Gwinner, Gianfranco Walsh, and Dwayne D. Gremler (2004) ‘Electronic word-of-mouth via consumer opinion platforms: What motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the internet?’Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp.38–52. Hofstede, G. (2001) Cultures consequences: comparing values, behaviours, institutions and organizations across nations (2nd ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Hu, L., and Bentler, P.M. (1999) ‘Cutoff criteria for fit indices in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives’, Structural Equation Modeling, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.1–55. International Monetary Fund (IMF) (2012) World economic outlook update new setbacks, further policy action needed. Available online at: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/ update/02/index.htm (accessed in December 2014). Jamal, A. and Goode, M. (2001) ‘Consumers’ product evaluation: a study of the primary evaluative criteria in the precious jewelry market in the UK’, Journal of Consumer Behavior, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp.140–155. Jones, E.E. and Davis, K.E. (1965) ‘From acts to disposition: The attribution process in person perception’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, NY. Kaplan, A.M. and Haenlein, M. (2010) ‘Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media’, Business Horizons, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp.59–68. Kim, A.J., and Ko, E. (2012) ‘Do social media marketing activities enhance customer equity? An empirical study of luxury fashion brand’, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 65, No. 10, pp.1480–1486. Kozinets, R., de Valck, K., Wojinicki, A. C., and Wilner, S. (2010) ‘Networked narratives: Understanding word-of-mouth marketing in online communities’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 74, No. 2, pp.71–89. Laroche, M., Habibi, M. R., and Richard, M. O. (2013) ‘To be or not to be in social media: How brand loyalty is affected by social media?’ International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp.76–82. Liao, J. and Wang, L. (2009) ‘Face as a mediator of the relationship between material value and brand consciousness’, Psychology and Marketing, Vol. 26, No. 11, pp.987–1001. Lichtenstein, D.R., Netemeyer, R.G., and Burton, S. (1990) ‘Distinguishing coupon proneness from value consciousness: an acquisition-transaction utility theory perspective’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp.54–67. Lichtenstein, D.R., Ridgway, N.M. and Netemeyer, R.G. (1993) ‘Price perceptions and consumer shopping behavior: a field study’, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp.234–245. Mangold, W.G., and Faulds, D.J. (2009) ‘Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix’, Business Horizons, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp.357–365. Manrai, L.A., Lascu, D-N., Manrai, A.K. and Babb, H.W. (2001) ‘A cross-cultural comparison of style in Eastern European emerging markets’, International Marketing Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp.270–285. McAlexander, J., Schouten, J., and Koenig, H. (2002) ‘Building Brand Community’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66, No. 1, pp.38–54. Merisavo M and Raulas M. (2004) ‘The impact of e-mail marketing on brand loyalty’, Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp.498–505. Meng, J.G., and Nasco, S.A. (2009) ‘Cross-cultural equivalence of price perceptions across American, Chinese, and Japanese consumers’, Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp.506–516. Moore, M. and Carpenter, J. (2006) ‘The effect of price as a marketplace cue on retail patronage’, Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp.265–271. Muñiz, A. and O’Guinn, T. (2001) ‘Brand Community’, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.412–432. Mullins, P.R. (1999) Race and affluence: An archaeology of African American and consumer culture, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, NY. Mulyanegara, R. C., and Tsarenko, Y. (2009) ‘Predicting brand preferences: an examination of the predictive power of consumer personality and values in the Australian fashion market’, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp.358–371. Nambisan, S. and Baron R. A. (2007) ‘Interactions in virtual customer environments: Implications for product support and customer relationship management’, Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp.42–61. Nelsen (2014) Connecting Through the Clutter: Stay Ahead of Consumers to Win in Today’s Fragmented Markets. Available online at: http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2014/ connecting-through-the-clutter-stay-ahead-of-consumers-to-win-in-todays-fragmentedmarkets.html (accessed in February 2016). Nguyen, B., Yu, X., Melewar, T.C., and Chen, J. (2015) ‘Brand innovation and social media: Knowledge acquisition from social media, market orientation, and the moderating role of social media strategic capability’, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 51, pp.11–25. Okazaki, S. (2009) ‘The tactical use of mobile marketing: How adolescents’ social networking can best Shape brand extensions’, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp.12–26. Ong, K.S., Nguyen, B. and Syed Alwi, S.F. (2017) ‘Consumer-Based Virtual Brand Personality (CBVBP), Customer Satisfaction and Brand Loyalty in the Online Banking Industry’, International Journal of Bank Marketing, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp.370–390. Park, H. and Kim, Y-K. (2014) ‘The role of social network websites in the consumer–brand relationship’, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp.460–467. Pham, P.H.M. and Gammoh, B.S. (2015) ‘Characteristics of social-media marketing strategy and customer-based brand equity outcomes: a conceptual model’, International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp.321–337. Phau, I. and Teah, M. (2009) ‘Devil wears (counterfeit) Prada: a study of antecedents and outcomes of attitudes towards counterfeits of luxury brands’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp.15–27. Podsakoff, P.M., Todor, W.D., Grover, R.A., and Huber, V.L. (1984) ‘Situational moderatorsof leader reward and punishment behaviors: fact or fiction?’ Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp.21–63. Podsakoff, P. M. and Organ, D. W. (1986) ‘Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects’, Journal of Management, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp.531–544. Podoshen, J.S., Li, L., and Zhang, J. (2011) ‘Materialism and conspicuous consumption in China: A cross cultural examination’, International Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp.17–25. Podoshen, J.S., and Andrzejewski, S.A. (2012) ‘An examination of the relationships between materialism, conspicuous consumption, impulse buying, and brand loyalty’, The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp.319–334. Ryan, T. and Xenos, S. (2011) ‘Who uses Facebook? An investigation into the relationship between the Big Five, shyness, narcissism, loneliness, and Facebook usage’, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 27, No. 5, pp.1658–1664. Schau, H.J., Muñiz, A.M., and Arnould, E.J. (2009) ‘How brand community practices create value’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 73, No. 5, pp.30–51. Schor, J. (1998) The overspent American: The unexpected decline of leisure, New York: Basic Books. Sharma, P. (2011) ‘Country of origin effects in developed and emerging markets: exploring the contrasting roles of materialism and value consciousness’, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp.285–306. Sproles, G.B. and Kendall, E.L. (1986) ‘A methodology for profiling consumer decision making styles’, Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp.267–279. Steenkamp, J. B. E. M. and Geyskens, I. (2006) ‘How country characteristics affect the perceived value of a website’, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 70, No. 3, pp.136–150. Stelzner, A.M. (2014) Social media marketing industry report (2014). Available online at: http://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/report2014/ (accessed in November 2014). Shukla, P. (2008) ‘Conspicuous consumption among middle age consumers: psychological and brand antecedents’, Journal of Product and Brand Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp.25–36. Shrum, L. J., Burroughs, J. E. and Rindfleisch, A. (2004) A process model of consumer cultivation: The role of television is a function of the type of judgment. In L. J. Shrum (Ed.), The psychology of entertainment media: Blurring the lines between entertainment and persuasion), pp.177–191, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Statista (2017) Social Media Statistics & Facts. Available online at: https://www.statista.com/ topics/1164/social-networks/ Sternquist, B., Byun, S. E. and Jin, B. (2004) ‘The dimensionality of price perceptions: a crosscultural comparison of Asian consumers’, The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp.83–100. Thoring A. (2011) ‘Corporate tweeting: Analysing the use of Twitter as a marketing tool by UK trade publishers’, Publishing Research Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.141–58. Trigg, A. (2001) ‘Veblen, Bourdieu, and conspicuous consumption’, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp.99–115. Truong, Y. (2010) ‘Personal aspirations and the consumption of luxury goods’, International Journal of Market Research, Vol. 52, No. 5, pp.653–672. Tuten, T. L. (2008) Advertising 2.0: social media marketing in a web 2.0 world, Greenwood Publishing Group. Veblen, T. (1965) The theory of the leisure class, New York, A. M. Kelley. (Original work published 1899) Wang, X., Yang, Z. and Liu, N.R. (2009) ‘The impacts of brand personality and congruity on purchase intension: evidence from the Chinese mainland’s automobile market’, Journal of Global Marketing, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp.199–215. Wicklund, R.A. and Gollwitzer, P.M. (1981) ‘Symbolic self-completion, attempted influence, and self-deprecation’, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp.89–114. Yılmaz, H. and Enginkaya, E. (2015) ‘Brand followers: motivations and attitudes of consumers to follow brands in social media’, International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp.3–20. Yoo, B., Donthu, N. and Lee, S. (2000) ‘An examination of selected marketing mix elements and brand equity’, Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.195–211. Yu, X., Nguyen, B., Han, S.H., Chen, C.H.S., and Li, F. (2015) ‘Electronic CRM and perceptions of unfairness’, Information Technology & Management, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp.351–362. Zhang, J. and Daugherty, T. (2009) ‘Third-person effect and social networking: Implications for online marketing and word-of-mouth communication’, American Journal of Business, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp.53–63. Zhou, Z., Jin, X.-L., Vogel, D. R., Fang, Y. and Chen, X. (2011) ‘Individual motivations and demographic differences in social virtual world uses: An exploratory investigation in Second Life’, International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp.261–271.https://t.ly/X0wJ5MSA Google ScholarThis research investigates the impact of perceived social media marketing activities on brand- and value consciousness. It further examines the effect of social media usage on materialism, brand consciousness and conspicuous consumption, as examining materialism-centric behaviour is becoming important in a consumption-based economy. A self-administered questionnaire was developed and administered to a sample of 346 undergraduate students. Two different research models are tested and confirmed. The findings of this research indicated that perceived social media marketing activities have a significant effect on brand loyalty; brand consciousness and value consciousness mediate the relationship between perceived social media marketing activities and brand loyalty. Moreover, evidence supports the idea that the greater the use of social media, the greater the tendency towards materialism and conspicuous consumption. This study confirms the growing importance of perceived social media marketing activities in envisioning brand loyalty and provides insights on impact of social media on materialism and conspicuous consumption.enperceived social media marketing activitiesbrand loyaltybrand consciousnessvalue consciousnessmaterialismconspicuous consumption.Impact of perceived social media marketing activities on brand and value consciousness: roles of usage, materialism and conspicuous consumptionArticle