S El-Leithy, EmanS Shaker, DaliaK Ghorab, MohamedS Abdel-Rashid, Rania2020-03-242020-03-2420101530-9932https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-010-9544-3https://cutt.ly/9tbkUx4MSA Google ScholarConsidering the advantageous for the rectal administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the objective of this study was to formulate and evaluate rectal mucoadhesive hydrogels loaded with diclofenac-sodium chitosan (DFS-CS) microspheres. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC; 5%, 6%, and 7% w/w) and Carbopol 934 (1% w/w) hydrogels containing DFS-CS microspheres equivalent to 1% w/w active drug were prepared. The physicochemical characterization revealed that all hydrogels had a suitable pH for rectal application (6.5–7.4). The consistency of HPMC hydrogels showed direct proportionality to the concentration of the gelling agent, while carbopol 934 gel showed its difficulty for rectal administration. Farrow’s constant for all hydrogels were greater than one indicating pseudoplastic flow. In vitro drug release from the mucoadhesive hydrogel formulations showed a controlled drug release pattern, reaching 34.6–39.7% after 6 h. The kinetic analysis of the release data revealed that zero-order was the prominent release mechanism. The mucoadhesion time of 7% w/w HPMC hydrogel was 330 min, allowing the loaded microspheres to be attached to the surface of rectal mucosa. Histopathological examination demonstrated the lowest irritant response to the hydrogel loaded with DFS-CS microspheres in response to other forms of the drugencarbopol 934diclofenac sodium–chitosan microsphereshistopathological studyHPMCrectal mucoadhesive hydrogelArticlehttps://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-010-9544-3