Faculty Of Biotechnology Graduation Project 2019 - 2020

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Anti-proliferative Activity of Silymarin-Encapsulated Polymeric Nanoparticles against Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (in vitro study)
(October university for modern sciences and arts, 2020) Yousef, Mazin Hesham AboulFotouh Ismail
Background / Aim; Human liver cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer deaths. Scientists from various parts of the world are working on developing new therapies for the liver cancer. However, to this day, death levels from liver cancer have not shown any signs of decreasing or even leveling off. Commercial therapies like anticancer drugs, chemotherapies and radiotherapies are known to have limited efficacy and numerous side effects. Moreover, they are unaffordable by a huge sector of the population. Since there is a lack in other efficient methods of treatment, therefore, natural products attracted attention of the researchers due to their anti-cancerous and safety properties. Silymarin is a natural flavonoligan substance, characterized with anti-oxidative and chemo protective properties against many cancers. Polymeric Nanoparticles demonstrated wide applications as an efficient and safe drug carrier, enhancing therapeutic efficiency of anti-cancerous therapies and minimizing their adverse effects. Therefore, in the current research we proposed a novel approach that involves encapsulating silymarin into chitosan nanoparticle as an efficient and highly specific drug delivery system that can target human liver cancerous cells without affecting normal cells. Methods; Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) and chitosan encapsulated with silymarin nanocomposite (SilCsNPs). Characterization of the materials included particle size analysis, morphology, zeta-potential and FTIR to ensure binding properties and nanocomposite formation. Encapsulation efficiency of SilCsNPs nanocomposite was studied. All prepared nanomaterials were screened for their cytotoxic effect on Huh7 as an in vitro model of human liver cancer and examined for morphological changes under phase contrast inverted microscope. Paclitaxel was used as standard anti-tumor control to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the tested nanomaterials.
Assessment of pesticides residue in cosmetic henna sold in Egyptian local market
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Ayman Mahmoud Said, Nagham
Assessment of pesticides residue in cosmetic henna sold in Egyptian local market Background: Henna is a flowering plant and the sole species of the genus Lawsonia. It is the source of a dye prepared from the plant lawsonia inermis and has been used since antiquity to dye hair, skin and fingernails. Also it is used to dye fabrics like (silk, wool and leather). For this reason, henna should be free from any contaminants such as pesticide residues; and disinfectants used for preventing the spread of pests and bacteria. When concentrations of pesticide residues exceed the permissible level, the risk to human health comes from direct or indirect exposure to pesticide residues in primary or derived agricultural products as it could lead to several potential toxic effects, carcinogenic and biological effects. Aim: The current study evaluated the composition and quality of 24 henna samples
Association between the frequency of IL-4 590C>T gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus.
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Mohamed Kamal Ismail Abo-El-Youssr, Yehia
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a cytokine which is encoded by IL4 gene, it plays a role to activate the differentiation of the native T helper cells (Th0) into a normal T-helper 2 cells (Th2). Previous researches had shown that IL-4 protects the pancreatic islets from cytotoxicity that can occur as well as it decreases the production of (Th1). In addition, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the IL-4 promoter region (IL4-590 C>T) could have a relation with type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to that, the long-term exposure of IL-4 on the pancreatic islets can inhibit islet functions. The aim of the present study is to probe for the association of IL4-590 C>T with TDM in Egyptian patients.
Bacteria as a bio indicator for water pollution
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Gaber, Meret Talat Tawfik
The coliform group has been used widely as a trademark of water quality and has traditionally led to the public health protection concept. Total coliforms are a group of bacteria commonly found in the environment, for example in soil or plant life, in addition to the intestines of mammals, including humans. Total coliform bacteria are not likely to cause disease, but their presence indicates that the water supply may be prone to contamination by extra dangerous microorganisms. Escherichia coli (E. coli) are the only member of the total coliform group of bacteria that is found only in the intestines of mammals, including humans. The presence of E. coli in water indicates recent fecal contamination and may indicate the possible presence of disease-causing pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. The aim of this thesis is to examine methods currently in use for the detection of coliforms in different source of water, bacterial growth on nutrient media. Isolated bacterial colonies were then gram stained and tested using several biochemical tests to identify the strain of bacteria. The identified bacteria were Klebsialla, Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis Finally, count total coliform bacteria using CFU proving amounts of bacteria compared to other bacteria in different source of water.
Biodegradation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) by Bacillus Cereus, Myroides species and Enterobacter species under different environmental conditions”
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Essam, Yara
The marine environment may be contaminated due to various activities of the petroleum industry with crude petroleum oil. In order to protect living organisms in this environment and for the protection of human health, this polluted marine environment must be bioremediated and detoxified. Although physiochemical methods are still used in various developing countries, biological treatments are the alternative because they are cheap, causing no harm to the environment. Different types of bacteria are able to clean up the polluted sites. In the present work, three bacterial species were used separately and in combination (a consortium) to biodegrade crude oil polluting marine water. Identification of the 3 bacteria was done using gene sequencing of 16s rRNA and they were recognized as Bacillus cereus MSA 6M, Myroides odoratimimus MSA 185 and Enterobacter cloacae MSA 47. Screening of the three bacterial strains was done for the production of biosurfactants and bio-emulsifiers using different media, different NaCl concentrations and different pH values. The results obtained showed that the 3 bacterial strains were able to produce active biosurfactants (155.5 – 176.6 cm2 ODA) when WFO was used as substrate, while when glycerol was used, the three bacteria behaved as weak biosurfactant producers (1.0 – 17.0 cm2 ODA). On the other hand, the two culture media were promising for the production of bio-emulsifiers. The results also show that 2% and 3% NaCl were promising for the production of biosurfactants and bio-emulsifiers. As for the effect of pH values, it can be seen that different results were obtained. Optimum pH values for B. cereus are 6-7 pH, for M. odoratimimus are 8-9 pH and for E. cloacae are 7-9 pH. These results indicate that the 3 bacteria work well in different ranges of pH values. On the other hand, the same trend of results were also observed
Biohydrogels Reinforced with Graphene Oxide as an Ecofriendly Nanocarrier for Controlled Drug Delivery
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Salah, Mai Yasser
In recent years, polymer nanocomposites are widely prepared for different biomedical applications such as controlled drug release systems used in the development of drug delivery for cancer treatment. Through pH-sensitive nano-systems, the drug release is triggered by an acidic tumor environment to improve the efficiency of cancer treatment. The main purpose of the ideal drug delivery system (DDS) is keeping the drug within the desired therapeutic range after a single dose, and/or target the drug to a specific area while reducing its overall dosage. The aim of this study was preparation of pH-sensitive drug carrier from Starch (ST) and 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) reinforced with graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite hydrogel (ST-PHEMA/GO) in aqueous solution via γ-radiation induced copolymerization and crosslinking. The structure and morphology of the nanocomposite hydrogel were studied by FTIR, FE-SEM, XRD and TEM analysis. The swelling behavior of the prepared hydrogels loading the drug was determined by investigating the time and pH-dependent swelling of the (ST-PHEMA) hydrogels of different GO content and irradiation dose. The effect of environmental parameters such as pH on the swelling kinetics and the efficiency of the nanocarrier in releasing the drug to breast cancer cells MCF-7 were studied. The results showed as the irradiation dose increases, the GO distribution in ST-PHEMA matrix becomes more homogenous where 30kGy had the best distribution. TEM and XRD analysis confirmed the present of GO in the polymer matrix in the nano scale. Furthermore, the higher the GO content, the higher the swelling percentage and the diffusion exponent (n) according to Fickian law is less than 0.5 indicating that the nanocarrier is following diffusion-controlled process (Fickian diffusion mechanism). The nanocarrier loading the drug showed high toxicity to the cancerous cells manifesting its ability to be used in the controlled drug delivery medicine
Biosynthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles from natural plant extract
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Emam, Mahmoud Sayed Ayat
Nanotechnology is considered as one of the interesting fields that is fast-growing worldwide and has an impact on innovation capabilities. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPS) showed various biomedical applications in recent years. Different physical, chemical techniques have been reported for its toxicity in the synthesis of Gold nanoparticles (AuNPS) while the green synthesis method is the safest due to it build on materials less toxic and eco-friendly. Therefore, the current study aimed to use the parsley (Petroselinum crispum) leaves extract in order to synthesis AuNPs by a simple eco-friendly method. Different four volume ratios of plant were used named AuNPs(A), AuNPs(B), AuNPs(C), and AuNPs(D), respectively. The produced NPs were characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy while the structural and morphological of the formed NPs was performed via high resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) as well as zeta potential. The TEM images taken for the formed NPS revealed the formation of particles with average size around 25 nm possessing semi-spherical shapes. Furthermore, the surface Plasmon resonance appeared at 530 nm. The detection of zeta potential at value less than -30 mV indicts the NPS stability.
Chitosan Biopolymer Based Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Removal of Methylene Blue Dye
(October university for modern sciences and arts, 2020) Amin, Marian Thabit Kamel
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater or sewage and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle with minimum impact on the environment. Contaminated wastewater can cause a major problem and incite panic amongst residents in the area. That is why the presence of industrial wastewater treatment. There are many ways to treat the water and the Nanocomposites hydrogel is the most commonly used method in the treatment of textile wastewater. Nanocomposite hydrogels (NC gels) are nanomaterial-filled, hydrated, polymeric networks that exhibit higher elasticity and strength relative to traditionally made hydrogels. Nanocomposite hydrogels were synthesized by γ-radiation induced copolymerization and crosslinking of acrylic acid in the presence of Chitosan biopolymer and TiO2 nanoparticle. The structure was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the morphology was investigated using Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermal properties of the films were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis techniques (TGA) and the structure of the nanocomposite was observed using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The swelling behavior of the prepared hydrogels to the dye is determined by investigating the time and pH-dependent swelling of the prepared hydrogels. The nanocomposites hydrogel was used for the adsorption of methylene blue dye from water. The influence of TiO2 nanoparticle content on adsorption were studied. Maximum adsorption capacity of 1156.61 mg/ g and adsorption efficiency of 99.6% towards methylene blue were obtained for the hydrogel nanocomposite. Extensive employment of these products in a number of industrial and environmental areas of application is considered to be prime importance. Natural hydrogels were gradually replaced by synthetic types due to their higher water absorption capacity and removal dye. In conclusion, the higher the temperature, the greater absorption weight, and the more PH, the uptake present increases. Also, the rate of uptake present increases with the increase of Titanium Dioxide. It was found that the highest uptake present was 99% at 50 ° C and Titanium Dioxide present 3%.
A Comparative Study of Novel Chalcone Derivatives and Ethanolic Extract of Nerium Oleander as an Anticancer Agent Using Different Cancer Cell Lines
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Hanafy, Habiba Waleed Awad
Background: Cancer is major global health concern. Some methods of cancer treatment are available, such as chemotherapy which has many side effects and shows drug resistance. Alternative treatments using herbal medicine or synthetic compound has been known as new therapeutic approaches which act as anticancer drugs with less or no toxic issue. Chalcone derivatives that exhibit a variety of physiological bioactivities and target multiple biological receptors. On the other hand, N.Olender a Mediterranean herb is well known for its cytotoxic effect. Objectives: 1. This project aimed to screen and compare the cytotoxic effect of new chalcones derivatives in comparison with the ethanolic extract of leaves of N.Olender using different human cancer cell lines with parallel to normal cell lines. 2. Molecular docking of the chalcones with some cellular protein markers. Methods: MTT assay was conducted using different concentration of CH4 and CH6 chalcones and the percentage of viability was calculated. The dose respond curve (IC50) was calculated using graphpad prism software, in addition, Molecular docking was conducted using Autodock Vina software. Results: Chalcones CH6 significantly decreased A549 cells viability in vitro. After 48 hours treatment, the IC50 value was 46 µg/ml that displayed the highest cytotoxic activity from all the tested compounds. Moreover As for N.olender, the colorectal (HCT116) has shown to be the most sensitive cell line to the crude with IC50 = 46 µg/ml versus other cancer cell line. While CH4 has a high cytotoxicity effect on prostate cell line (PC3) more than CH6 does with IC50 123.9 µg/ml and 375.3 µg/ml respectively. CH4 and CH6 has shown their high binding affinity towards C-MET and NOS protein receptors. Conclusion: The observed data indicate the validity of using N.Olender in colorectal cancer while CH6 for lung cancer treatments. Collected date have been discussed in view of previous literature. Sensitivity 12 might be the matter of deference in cell surface receptors on different cancer cell lines but interact differently with tested compounds.
Comparative study of novel synthetic cyanochalcone derivatives versus curcumin as antineoplastic agents
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Fatima Ynis, Anna
Background: the demand for new efficient antineoplastic compounds to lessen the burden of cancer is constantly growing; with recent approaches seeking to develop new efficient natural or synthetic chemotherapeutic agents with fewer side effects. Aim: the present study was conducted aiming to screen in vitro the potential cytotoxic effects of a series of newly synthesized cyanochalcones versus that of the widely used natural compound curcumin. In addition, the interactions of these compounds with some cellular markers has been tested in silico through molecular docking approaches. Materials and methods: MTT assay was used to confirm the antiproliferative effects of cyanochalcone derivative 1 (CN ch1) and 5 (CN ch5) from the series of novel chalcones, against lung cancer (A549), colorectal cancer (HCT-116), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines, in parallel with normal human lung cells (WI-38); while dose response curves and IC50 were calculated using GraphPad Prism. Molecular docking using softwares UCSF Chimera and Pymol was then performed to understand molecular interactions of the synthetic compounds. Results and discussion: data from CN ch1 has shown IC50 values of 149.1 g/ml, 778 g/ml, 241.1 g/ml, 42.68 g/ml against A549, HCT-116, HepG2 and PC3 cancer cell lines respectively, while exhibiting no cytotoxic effects towards WI-38. Similarly, CN ch5 has shown IC50 values of 199.2 g/ml, 1615 g/ml, 77.1 g/ml, 186.8 g/ml and 191.7 g/ml; while curcumin exhibited IC50 values of 40.1 g/ml, 126.7 g/ml, 31.1 g/ml, 31.61 g/ml and 36.47 g/ml. Among the tested compounds, curcumin thus exhibited highest inhibition of cell viability and lower IC50 values, reflecting the validity of using natural compounds to treat cancer instead of synthetic ones. Nonetheless, docking studies have also proved the potent binding affinity of the cyanochalcone derivatives towards selected receptors, with different binding free energies of -11.3, -11.2, -10.7 and 10.3 Kcal/mol for MMP-9, iNOS, AKT2
Detection of amount of Hydrogenated and trans fatty acids on fast and fried food surface
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Abdulla, Mahmoud Mohsen Mohamed
Background: Trans-Fatty acids are formed during the process of partial hydrogenation in which liquid vegetable oils are converted to margarine and vegetable shortening. In the 20th century, fast food was spread all over the world and the consumption is increased among all age. According to statistical analysis in Egypt, in the last 10 years the fast food consumption is increased annually 46.5%. Fast food is rich in trans-fatty acids which provided increase plasma concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and reduce concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol relative to the natural fat, increase in glucose concentrations and high pressure. Aim: This study is purposes to detect the hydrogenated and trans-fatty acids on the surface of various fast food by using HPLC and Gas Chromatography Assay. Methods: HPLC method was used for the determination of total trans-unsaturated fatty acid (trans) content and gas-liquid chromatographic method was used for determination of fatty acid composition of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO) were studied collaboratively in various fast food samples. The test samples were methylated and analyzed for total trans-content by HPLC and for fatty acid composition by GC using a capillary column coated with SP-2560. Results: Our investigation observed that trans-octadecenoate (18:1t) content was calculated with the formula: 18:1t = HPLC trans-0.84 x (18:2t + 18:3t) - 1.74 x 18:2tt. The cis-octadecenoate (18:1c) content was obtained as the difference between total octadecenoates (18:1) and 18:1t. Reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) for 15 to 35% trans-content determined by HPLC were in the range of 8.8-11.7%, whereas RSDR for the test sample with 5% trans-content was 34.6%. RSDR values for 18:1t by the GC/HPLC followed the same pattern as that of HPLC trans- values: 36.4% for the test sample with 4.9% 18:1t versus 7.8-12.5% for test samples with 14.9 to 32.6% 18:1t. The content of 18:1c in the test samples varied from 24.7 to 34.5% and their RSDR values ranged from 3.8 to 10.5%. The mean values for 18:1t and 18:1c compared favorably with the absolute levels determined by a silver nitrate-thin layer chromatography/GC procedure. Conclusions: HPLC and GC methods are recommended for determination of trans content and fatty acid composition, respectively, of partially hydrogenated fats derived from vegetable oils, terrestrial animal fats or such oils and fats isolated from food products containing > 5% trans fatty acids.
Detection of the adulteration and commercial fraud with Pig meat and fat in the processed meat and chocolate stuff using Real Time PCR and chemical analysis
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Mostafa Mohamed El-Gamel Shahin, Mohamed
Human health is an important matter so we should protect our health from contaminants that found in the environment. Eating untreated Pork and lard leading to disease that affect human health such as heart diseases, diabetes type 2, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, muscle pain, fever and swelling of the face. Pig related substances that are untreated or not cooked adequately could enter many food markets by fraud through several ways it can cause health problems upon consumption. It can lead to the infection by Trichinellosis which is a parasitic infection caused by Trichinella nematodes. The aim of this study is identification of fraud in different food samples. In this study, fraud contamination level was determined in 32 raw food samples (meat and chocolate) collected from farms, markets, butchers, and retail markets in different localities of the Greater Giza using Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR). Assay of Real-Time PCR was developed, for the highly specific detection of pork DNA. For the assay, the mtDNA of 12S RNA-tRNA Val gene was amplified at 63 ̊ C was amplified at 63 ̊ C using SYBR Green I for 45 min with a Real-Time PCR System that measured the fluorescent signal at one-minute intervals. Moreover, the DNA sequences of the isolated samples were characterized. The Fraud in food samples were detected in ten samples which represent about 31.25% of the tested samples.
Determination of malachite green, crystal violet, and their metabolites in canned fish tissues HPLC-MS/MS and its contribution in dietary intake
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Ayman Hussein, Afaf
Multiresidues of illegal dyes are found in canned products. Illegal dyes are used as veterinary drugs. This study evaluates malachite green (MG), crystal violet (CV) and naturally reduced form leucomalachite green (LMG) and leucocrystal violet (LCV). These dyes are prohibited in processed fishes, due to their apprehensions on human and fish health for example, toxicity, carcinogens and teratogens. However, they still used extensively worldwide, because they act as antifungal and antibacterial agents. Illegal dyes are stable even after long time of exposure to heat. This evaluation was done on 30 different samples of canned fish tissues from various companies. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was the techniques used to determine MG, LMG, CV and LCV by C 18 column and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe method (QuEChERS) using acetonitrile in extraction. The consternations of total MG, CV and LCV were 0.92 g/Kg, 0.1 g/Kg and LCV was not detected, where below detected limit respectively. MG, LMG, CV and LCV residues were not exceeding the European Union minimum required performance limited (MRPL) which is 2 g/Kg. Therefore, the results were indicating that Egyptian local markets control the usage of MG, CV, LMG and LCV. In addition, it provides reliable data about the actual level of the contaminant limit. From our study, accomplish that the samples collected from various Egyptian markets indicate the companies use accurate amount of MG, CV, LMG and LCV are not exceeding the permitted European Union limits. Key words: malachite green, crystal violet, mass spectrometry.
Eco-Friendly Bio-Lubricant Production from Waste Vegetable Oil and Its Application in Power Plant
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Abd-Alla Gad Abd-Alla, Tasneem
Depletion of petroleum resources and environmental concern, has increased the demand for vegetable oil-based natural esters. In Egypt, it was reported that consumption of lubricants reached 760.025 barrels per day. “Eco-friendly” biodegradable waste vegetable oils can be used as an alternative for petroleum based lubricant that can be applied at power plant. Natural ester insulating (NEI) oils are promising substitutes for mineral insulating (MI) oils because these oils reduce aging of insulating papers in high-voltage oil-immersed power transformers. This work aimed to present the preparation of NEI oil by the esterification process of waste vegetable oil, in addition to comparing chemical, physical and electrical properties for the produced NEI from esterified waste cooking oil and MI oil.
Effect of Waste Tea Leaves and Waste Frying Oil on the Bioremediation of Petroleum Polluted Soil
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Alaa Reyad Shendy, Amira
Petroleum hydrocarbons when released in to soil cause serious effects on plants, animals and humans. Accumulation of PHCs, especially the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the tissues of living organisms causes mutation or death of the organism. For the protection of living organisms, these pollutants must be removed or detoxified from the environment. Bioremediation of the PHC polluted sites is promising strategy, it is cost effective and safe for the environment. In the present work a polluted sandy soil was bioremediated by using the effect of certain additives such as waste frying oil (WFO), waste tea leaves, NP fertilizer and combination of these materials; on the microbial counts of this soil and on the biodegradation of the oil. It must be noted that no previous research work was carried out using WFO and waste tea leaves (T) for enhancing the biodegradation of PHCs. The results obtained show that higher counts of THB were 18.08 × 107 and 17.21 × 107 CFU/gm soil in presence of WFO and waste tea leaves respectively. As for THB the higher counts were recorded in the presence of WFO and WFO + T although no significant variations were obtained. These results indicate that the main factor for increasing total counts of bacteria is presence of WFO and sometimes the presence of (T). As for the effects of the different treatments on the biodegradation (Loss %) of the pollutant, the results show that after 60 days of treatments, WFO +NP succeeded to remove the higher amount of oil (47.0%), followed by WFO alone, although statistically no significant variations between the results were observed. Again it can be seen that the main factor is the presence of WFO. The above results lead to the conclusion that the application of WFO and /or “T” may represent promising, cost - effective and safe strategy that can be used under emergency conditions. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at the beginning and at the end of 60 days treatments were identified and quantified by using HPLC analysis technique. The results show that this pollutant contained 13 PAH individuals of the 16 US EPA priority PAHs. The total of these PAHs are 129.7 mg/kg soil, with pyrene the dominant (92.3 mg/kg soil). Results of the biodegradation of total PAHs show that the higher loss (%) was 79.9% in presence of WFO alone, followed by 40.8% in the absence of any treatments. In presence of WFO alone of different PAH individuals were completely degraded (100%), of the 7PAHs 3 PAHs were known to be carcinogenic compounds. Mixing the WFO with T+NP resulted in the complete degradation of 5 PAH individuals, of which two only are
Efficiency of Chitosan/Graphene oxide Nanocomposite for Improvement of Water Quality
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Waziry, Mahmoud Mostafa Fathy
The pollution of water became an international concern. Regardless which purpose water is used, it should not be contaminated by pathogenic microorganisms or harmful heavy metals. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) have been considered potential antibacterial agents effective against a large variety of microorganisms. In addition to graphene oxide which plays a critical role in removal of heavy metals beside its antimicrobial activity. The biocompatible polymer mixed with the GO NPs led to low cytotoxicity on human cells, uniform size and excellent stability. This research mentions a critical estimation of the contribution of the mixed GO\CS nanomaterials in water treatment and analyze the physical, chemical and microbiological properties of surface water taken from several sites in Egypt (temperature, pH, turbidity, ammonia, Phosphorous. aeruginosa, Vibrio, and Flavobacterium) and thus improve these values using the nanocomposite. Water examination were done by chemical and heavy metal examination by ICP-OES elemental analysis technique and bacteriological examination of water and fish samples by a molecular identification of isolated bacteria through PCR and sequencing. GO\CS nanocomposite have been prepared by mixing the aqueous solution of chitosan and graphene oxide in the present of diluted acetic acid and the characterization of nanomaterial achieved by using TEM. The water examination was conducted and the result shows that samples were contaminated with Cu, Cd, and Zn. Graphene oxide and Chitosan nanocomposite was successfully prepared and added to the water sample which contains Staph.spp., Pseudomonous spp. And Aeromonas spp. And the heavy metals. The composite showed a positive result in the elimination and removal of water contaminant.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of chitosan-coated anisotropic silver Nanoparticles on different bacterial strains
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Saeed Abdelmonem Elqiey, Ahmed
The present study explores the antibacterial activity of Chitosan NPs when it is coated with different concentrations of silver NPs. CS-AgNPs materials were synthesized by a simple chemical method. The synthesized CS–Ag Nanoparticles contains two different ratio of silver to be able to demonstrate the effect of different concentrations of silver on the antibacterial activity of the synthesized product. Silver Nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical reduction method as well. The CS–Ag Nanoparticles was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) that was used to study the conformational changes in the functional groups of the polymers present in CS-AgNPs, in addition to Transmission electron microscope (TEM) for determining The morphology and size, also atomic force microscopy (AFM) to provide topographical chart for the synthesized product, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) to investigate The crystalline and phase structure of CS-AgNPs. FTIR spectroscopy has confirmed the presence of both silver and chitosan Nanoparticles as it was also observed. TEM results have revealed that CS-AgNPs has a well capped multi structures and well distribution of silver on the nanoparticle surface. AFM results have indicated that silver NPs is well dispersed and loaded into the chitosan sheet. XRD pattern of CS-AgNPs has shown an amorphous shape for the product that was conducted from the broadening of peaks. The results have clearly indicated the interaction between chitosan and metallic surface of silver NPs which has led to effective stabilization of silver NPs on the chitosan polymer. CS-AgNPs antibacterial activity was assessed by measuring the inhibition zone when it was tested against Bacillus subtitles, Bacillus lichniforms, E. coli, and Enterobacter ludwigii, and has showed highly potent antibacterial activity.
Evaluation of differences of sodium and potassium levels in umbilical cord blood plasma and fresh blood plasma in neonates
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Hassan Abd El-Fatah, Amr
Transition from fetal to neonatal existence is correlated with significant shifts in fluid and electrolyte rates owing to homeostatic regulation. This research was intended to examine sodium and potassium in plasma of neonate’s and in cord blood. 40 normal term neonates aged less than 37 weeks number of females were 21 however males 19 were included in the study also plasma sodium and potassium were analyzed in 18 samples of cord blood plasma then mean, standard deviation and P-value were evaluated also, independent t-test was performed for data by a 95% confidence-interval for mean variance. This approach was done by following, collection of umbilical cord blood, Auto Xpress Platform (AXP) automated system, flow cytometry procedure and kits, human umbilical cord plasma screening and storage, umbilical cord plasma preparation for evaluating sodium and potassium, fresh blood plasma extraction, Potassium and sodium evaluation, finally statistical analysis. This study showed very wide range of plasma sodium and potassium levels that seem to be abnormally high or low in cord blood and in healthy term neonate during first week of life but these are actually normal for that neonatal period depending upon gestational and post-natal age. The normal values of plasma sodium and potassium in neonates are different from other age groups and it varies with postnatal age and gestational age so same reference range of electrolytes should not be used in all neonates instead a reference range derived from large neonatal datasets of varied gestational and postnatal age should be used.
Explore variability of local peach genetic resources for efficient breeding programs
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Ayman Mustafa, Nermin
Fruits of local peach strains, grown under Dakahlia governorate for a long time ago, are characterize with special taste and aroma, compared with other peach cultivars, and appear in the markets yearly from mide-June to mid-September, the period when the fruits of most early and mid-season peach cultivars disappear. Local peach trees were sexually propagated, so different strains were produced. Such strains are greatly differed in growth habits, maturity date, and yield and fruit characteristics within the same orchard. Those strains have locally common names known to farmers. Since traditional methods, based on morphological and phenological characters are time consuming, blurred by environmental influences and frequently lake resolving power needed to undoubtedly identify individual genotype, the present study aimed to detect genetic variability and explore local peach genetic resources, where genetic aspects are powerful tools in the improvement of the crop and development of molecular markers, as an efficient short cut and cost-effective tool for evaluation, could assist selection and breeding programs. Electrophoretic protein banding patterns and two enzyme profiles; peroxidase and Polyphenol Oxidase, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) and inter simple sequence repeat-PCR (ISSR-PCR) were used to assess the genetic diversity of five selected, on basis of growth habits and flowering attitudes, Sultani peach seedy individuals. One RAPD primer; D07, and two ISSR primers; HB10 and HB12, were tested. Based on the results of overall markers (biochemical and molecular), only two (No. 1 and 5) of the five selected individuals were genetically identical to each other. Only one protein band was unique in one of the five selected individuals (No. 4), while one peroxidase isozyme was not detectable only in the second individual. Polyphenol Oxidase exhibited four monomorphic bands across the five selected individuals. All primers were successfully used as fingerprinting tool. One specific fragment was detected to discriminate the fourth individual
Factors Allecting Rhizosphere Colonization of Tomato Plant by Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
(October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, 2020) Adel Shawky, Peter
Rhizosphere is defined as “the zone of soil immediately adjacent to legume roots that supports high levels of bacterial activity’’ The goal of this study was to enhance or improve the colonization of rhizosphere of tomato plants by plant growth promoting bacteria. PGPR has two main mechanisms to improve colonization of rhizosphere , first the direct mechanism that improve growth of plant and including the production of phytohormones and nitrogen fixation, and the indirect mechanism which decrease the harmful effects of the growth of pathogens by the production of antibiotics and synthesizing of the lytic enzymes. During this study, 12 bacterial strains were obtained from the rhizosphere of tomato. The greenhouse experiment indicated that the treatment with Ser, B63, E31 had shown good capacities for tomato root colonization. To improving the survival rate of tested bacterial isolates, micro- encapsulation techniques of rhizosphere microorganisms by sodium alginate and calcium chloride was conducted. The survival rate of bacteria in capsules was estimated during one month shelf life experiment. Both tested methods free bacterial cells as well as encapsulation technique are promising tools to be used as successful delivery methods of plant growth promoting bacteria

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