Browsing by Author "Saleh, Sarah S"

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Advanced Approaches in Green Univariate Spectrophotometric Methods
(wiley, 2024-01) Lotfy, Hayam M; Saleh, Sarah S; Rostom, Yasmin; Obaydo, Reem H; Ahmed, Dina A
The pharmaceutical industry and market have shown a tremendous evolution where different new pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical combinations have been introduced in order to increase patient compliance and obtain the required outcomes. On the other hand, this evolution has raised a challenge in the field of drug analysis, where new applicable methods of analysis needed to be developed and validated to ensure that the right doses would reach patients free from any undesired compounds such as impurities, adulterants, or interfering substances that might lead to any undesirable side effects. This chapter highlights the advanced approaches in green univariate spectrophotometric methods based on basic mathematical techniques, such as subtraction, division, and multiplication, for assaying the components of multicomponent mixtures in their different pharmaceutical dosage forms utilising inexpensive, affordable, and eco-friendly facilities.
Analysis of commonly prescribed analgesics using in-silico processing of spectroscopic signals: application to surface water and industrial effluents, and comparative study via green and white assessments
(CSIRO, 2023-02) Elbalkiny, Heba T; El-Zeiny, Mohamed B; Saleh, Sarah S
RESEARCH ARTICLEPrevious Contents Vol 19(7) Analysis of commonly prescribed analgesics using in-silico processing of spectroscopic signals: application to surface water and industrial effluents, and comparative study via green and white assessments Heba T. Elbalkiny A , Mohamed B. El-Zeiny B and Sarah S. Saleh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1608-008X A * + Author Affiliations * Correspondence to: drsarahsalah@gmail.com Handling Editor: Kurunthachalam Kannan Environmental Chemistry 19(7) 446-459 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN22108 Submitted: 13 October 2022 Accepted: 6 December 2022 Published: 10 February 2023 © 2022 The Author(s) (or their employer(s)). Published by CSIRO Publishing. Environmental context. Pharmaceuticals find their way to wastewater mainly through hospital and industrial effluents, and in turn affect all living organisms. The routine analysis of different water sources is tedious and of high cost. Our work presents a safe, low-cost method for analysing water samples to ensure proper cleanup of water and its suitability for human and animal use. Rationale. Analgesics are one of the top classes of commonly prescribed drugs, and used over the counter. Therefore, they are most likely to be detected in wastewater samples coming from hospital and industrial effluents. Methodology. This study focused on developing an in-silico UV spectroscopic manipulation of variant signal nature of low cost, using the methods of: advanced amplitude centring (AAC), mean centring of ratio spectra (MCR), successive derivative subtraction (SDS) and continuous wavelet transformation (CWT), for the determination of a ternary mixture of three analgesics: paracetamol (PCM), diclofenac (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBU) in water samples after sample cleanup using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME). Results. The proposed methods were compared to those reported in terms of greenness, simplicity and effectiveness using the greenness assessment tools (Eco-scale & AGREE) and white analytical chemistry (WAC) tool. The AAC method showed the highest scores: an Eco-scale of 71, AGREE of 0.55 and RGB of 84.4 when compared to the reported methods. Discussion. The AAC method was applied effectively for the study of surface water samples and industrial effluents with high accuracy and precision. Thus, real water samples could be routinely analysed with minimal cost to ensure proper cleanup of water and its suitability for human and animal use.
Appraisal for Edible Use of Vegetable Crops Cultivated in Egypt after 2 Treatment with Selected Insecticides and Fungicides: Insights of Dissipation 3 Rates and Pre-Harvest intervals
(J-Stage, 7/16/2021) Saleh, Sarah S; Monir, Hany H; El-Naem, Omnia A
An analytical investigation was carried out to study the dissipation rate of two commonly used pesticides, Thiamethoxam (neonicotinoid insecticide) and propamocarb hydrochloride (carbamate fungicide) applied to four vegetable crops: cucumber, zucchini, lettuce and pepper, after open- field application. Samples were harvested according to a scheduled plan followed by QuEChERS extraction, then thiamethoxam residues were analyzed using a GC-ECD method, while propamocarb HCl residues were analyzed using an HPLC-UV method. Validation parameters were attained for both methods and the kinetic profile was studied which fitted the first –order kinetics where k, t ½ and t90 were calculated. The proper pre-harvest interval (PHI) was studied for each crop to ensure that the residues levels declined to reach below the maximum residue limit (MRL) where the crop is suitable for edible use. These values were found to be different from labelled values which proves that the PHIs are greatly affected by changing weather conditions.
A Comparative Study of Spectrophotometric Methods Versus Chemometric Methods; An Application on a Pharmaceutical Binary Mixture of Ofloxacin and Dexamethasone
(3/17/2013) Saleh, Sarah S; Lotfy, Hayam M; Elgizawy, Samia M; Hassan, Nagiba Y
Aim: To conduct a comparative study between the smart novel ratio difference spectrophotometric method (RDSM) versus four spectrophotometric methods: first derivative spectrophotometry (D1), first derivative of the ratio spectra (1DD), isoabsorpative point (Aiso), ratio subtraction (RS), and two chemometric techniques based on principal component regression (PCR) and partial least-squares (PLS-1) for the determination of a binary mixture of Ofloxacin (OFX) and Dexamethasone (DXM). Study Design: The results obtained from the proposed methods were statistically compared to the reported HPLC method using student’s t-test, F-test and One way ANOVA. Methodology: (OFX) was determined by the application of direct spectrophotometry, by measuring its zero-order (D0) absorption spectra at its λmax = 296.6 nm. (DXM) was determined by (D1) at 227.1 nm. By applying (1DD), (DXM) was determined at 237.3. The total concentration of both (OFX + DXM) was determined at their isoabsorpative point λiso= 238.3 nm, then the concentration of (DXM) in mixtures were calculated by subtraction. (DXM) was determined using the (RS) method at its λmax = 239 nm. (DXM) was determined using (RDSM) by measuring amplitude difference at two selected wavelengths (248.4 and 290 nm). A concentration of 10 µg.mL-1 of OFX was used as a divisor. The linearity range was found to be (1-10 µg.mL-1) and (2-14 µg.mL-1) for OFX and DXM respectively. Results: The recovery percentage for OFX was found to be 100.07 ±0.65 and for DXM was found to be 100.41 ±0.84, 100.15 ±0.97, 100.14 ±0.91, 100.54 ±0.75 and 100.11 ±.66 for the five methods, respectively. Conclusion: The novel method showed advantages over the other proposed methods regarding simplicity, minimal data manipulation and maximum reproducibility and robustness; which enabled the analysis of binary mixtures with overlapped spectra for routine quality control testing with quite satisfactory and in lower cost.
A Comparative Study of the Novel Ratio Difference Method versus Conventional Spectrophotometric Techniques for the Analysis of Binary Mixture with Overlapped Spectra
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2012) Elgizawy, Samia M.; Hassan, Nagiba Y; Saleh, Sarah S; Lotfy, Hayam M
The smart novel ratio difference spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of a binary mixture of Sodium cromoglicate (SCG) and Fluorometholone (FLU) in presence of benzalkonium chloride without prior separation. The results were compared to that of the conventional methods (dual wavelength and first derivative of ratio spectra). The suggested methods were validated in compliance with the ICH guidelines and were successfully applied for determination of SCG and FLU in their laboratory prepared mixtures and commercial ophthalmic solution. The novel method showed significant advantages over the conventional methods regarding simplicity, minimal data manipulation and maximum reproducibility and robustness; which enabled the analysis of binary mixtures with overlapped spectra for routine quality control testing with quite satisfactory.
Eco-friendly UPLC-MS/MS Analysis of Possible Add-On Therapy for COVID-19 In Human Plasma: Insights of Greenness Assessment
(Elsevier, 04/02/2021) El-Naem, Omnia A; Saleh, Sarah S
Facing the pandemic COVID-19 is of highest priority for all researchers nowadays. Recent statistics indicate that the majority of the cases are home-treated. Two drugs of interest, Guaifenesin and Bromohexine HCl, are among the add-on therapy for treatment of COVID-19 mild cases, which has raised the need for their simultaneous determination. The analysis of the two drugs of interest was described using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC–MS/MS) in plasma of healthy human volunteers using tetryzoline HCl as an internal standard (IS) after liquid-liquid extraction. The applied chromatographic conditions were Kinetex C18 (100Å, 2.6 µm X 50 mm X 4.6 mm) column and a mixture of methanol: water (95: 5, v/v) as a mobile phase at flow rate 1 mL/min. The positive ionization mode was used for detecting the ions, by observing the pairs of transition m/z 199< 125 for GUF, m/z 377< 114 for BRM and m/z 201 <131 for IS. The linearity range was from 50-1500 ng/mL for GUF and 0.5-50 µg/mL for BRM. Limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 35.16 and 0.43 ng/ml for GUF and BRM, respectively. The method was validated according to FDA guidance. The proposed method was assessed to be more eco-friendly versus the reported method using the greenness assessment tools: National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Assessment of Green Profile (AGP), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Eco-Scale. The proposed method was applied for the application of a pilot pharmacokinetic study.
Green wastewater treatment of repurposed COVID‑19 therapy (levofoxacin) using synthesized magnetite pectin nanoparticles, comparison with mesoporous silica nanoparticles
(BioMed Central Ltd., 2023-09) El‑Maraghy, Christine M; Saleh, Sarah S; Ibrahim, Mervat S; El‑Naem, Omnia A
Rationale Antibiotics have been detected worldwide in the aquatic environment. Moreover, certain classes of antibi‑ otics have been repurposed for the management of COVID-19, which increased their use and presence in wastewater. Their occurrence even in low concentrations leads to the development of antibiotic resistance. Methodology Magnetite pectin nanoparticles (MPNP) were fabricated and compared to an established model of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNP). Our studied adsorbate is levofoxacin, a fuoroquinolone antibiotic, com‑ monly used in managing COVID-19 cases. Results The infuence of various factors afecting the adsorption process was studied, such as pH, the type and con‑ centration of the adsorbent, contact time, and drug concentration. The results illustrated that the optimum adsorp‑ tion capacity for antibiotic clearance from wastewater using MPNP was at pH 4 with a contact time of 4 h; while using MSNP, it was found to be optimum at pH 7 with a contact time of 12 h at concentrations of 10 µg/mL and 16 g/L of the drug and nanoparticles, respectively, showing adsorption percentages of 96.55% and 98.89%. Drug adsorption equilibrium data obeyed the Sips isotherm model. Discussion and conclusion HPLC assay method was developed and validated. The experimental results revealed that the MPNP was as efcient as MSNP for removing the antibacterial agent. Moreover, MPNP is eco-friendly (a natu‑ ral by-product of citrus fruit) and more economic as it could be recovered and reused. The procedure was evaluated according to the greenness assessment tools: AGREE calculator and Hexagon-CALIFICAMET, showing good green scores, ensuring the process’s eco-friendliness.
Guidelines for Accurate Application of Green and White Analytical Concepts: Merits Vs Demerits with Insights of Significant Milestones of Assessment Tools Applied for Antiviral Drugs
(Elsevier Inc, 2024-01) Saleh, Sarah S; Obaydo, Reem H; El Hamd, Mohamed A; Rostom, Yasmin; Mohamed, Dalia; Lotfy, Hayam M
In recent years, there has been a growing focus in analytical research on the ecological and sustainable aspects of analytical methodologies. However, it is necessary to apply the relevant metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of certain analytical methods. The present study aims to conduct a thorough analysis of the major turning points, merits, and demerits of some reported methods carried out to determine anti-viral drugs. Since the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, researchers have become interested in antiviral drugs because it was the class of interest for facing the challenges of this pandemic. That’s why, a comprehensive application of several relevant green metrics has been reviewed. Additionally, the study intends to choose tools that have been reported as being green to use, explain the data that has been gathered, compare the data to one another, and highlight the benefits of particular features in each tool based on the timeline progress of using these tools. In addition, suggestions were made for adapting each tool to the recommended guidelines. Case studies were presented to highlight the proper application of each assessment tool.
Guidelines for accurate application of green and white analytical concepts: Merits Versus demerits with insights of significant milestones of assessment tools applied for antiviral drugs
(Elsevier Inc, 2024-01) Saleh, Sarah S; Obaydo, Reem H; El Hamd, Mohamed A; Rostom, Yasmin; Mohamed, Dalia; Lotfy, Hayam M
In recent years, there has been a growing focus in analytical research on the ecological and sustainable aspects of analytical methodologies. However, it is necessary to apply the relevant metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of certain analytical methods. The present study aims to conduct a thorough analysis of the major turning points, merits, and demerits of some reported methods carried out to determine anti-viral drugs. Since the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, researchers have become interested in antiviral drugs because it was the class of interest for facing the challenges of this pandemic. That’s why, a comprehensive application of several relevant green metrics has been reviewed. Additionally, the study intends to choose tools that have been reported as being green to use, explain the data that has been gathered, compare the data to one another, and highlight the benefits of particular features in each tool based on the timeline progress of using these tools. In addition, suggestions were made for adapting each tool to the recommended guidelines. Case studies were presented to highlight the proper application of each assessment tool.
A high-throughput UPLC-MS-MS Bio-analytical method for the analysis of veterinary pharmaceutical residues in Chicken Tissues, Application of efficient-valid-green (EVG) Framework as a Competence Tool
(Elsevier B.V, 2024-04) Saleh, Sarah S; Samir, Ahmed; Lotfy, Hayam M; Nessim, Christine K
Antibacterial medications are receiving the most attention due to hypersensitivity reactions and the emergence of bacterial mutants resistant to antibiotics. Treating Animals with uncontrolled amounts of antibiotics will extend beyond their lives and affect humans. This study aims to determine the concentration of the residues of sulfadimidine, sulfaquinoxaline, diaveridine, and vitamin K3 in the tissues of poultry (muscles and liver) after treatment with the combined veterinary formulation. A UPLC-MS-MS method was developed using Poroshell 120 EC[sbnd]C18 and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and distilled water, containing 0.1 % formic acid, in the ratio of (85:15 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. Sample extraction solvent was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to be acetonitrile: methanol in the ratio (49.8: 50.2 v/v), and the method was validated according to the FDA bioanalytical method validation protocol over the range (50–1000 µg/Kg) for sulfaquinoxaline and (50–750 µg/Kg) for the other 3 drugs. The greenness of the sample preparation and analytical method was assessed by applying Analytical Eco-scale (AES) and AGREE coupled with AGREEprep. The Competence of the study was evaluated via the EVG framework known as Efficiency, validation, and greenness, to achieve a balance point represented by a radar chart. The method was applied to decide the time required for poultry products to be safe for human use after administration of the studied drugs. It was found that, after the administration of the last dose, minimally 7 days are required till the levels of the drugs drop to the maximum residue limit determined by the FDA/WHO in animal tissues.
Monitoring Imidazoline Derivatives via Functionalized Nano-Potentiometric Platforms in Aqueous Humor and Dosage Forms
(Wiely online library, 2021-06) Elbalkiny, Heba T; Saleh, Sarah S
The determination of two imidazoline derivatives [oxymetazoline HCl (OXY) and xylometazoline HCl (XYLO)] was described using different potentiometric platforms. The first electrode type was constructed using tetraphenyl borate (TPB) as anionic exchanger with β-cyclodextrins (β-CD) as ionophore forming oxymetazoline-tetraphenyl borate (OXY-TPB) and xylometazoline-tetraphenyl borate (XYLO-TPB), respectively. The second electrode type was prepared by modification of the first type by conjugation with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNP) forming (OXY-MNP) and (XYLO-MNP). The synthesized electrodes were fully characterized. The effect of magnetic nano-sized particles as a highly dispersible material with β-CDs on the electrode characteristics was investigated and compared against the classical electrodes. The response time, working pH range and selectivity coefficients were studied. The functionalized nano-electrodes (OXY-MNP and (XYLO-MNP) were found to be more sensitive than the classical electrodes with linearity ranges (1×10−6–1×10−2 M). The functionalized nano-electrodes were successfully applied for the in-line analysis of OXY and XYLO in pharmaceutical dosage forms and spiked rabbit aqueous humor samples with no prior extraction of treatment. This suggests the future use of these electrodes in clinical studies of both drugs of interest.
The power of High Impact Amplitude Manipulation (HIAM) technique for extracting the basic spectra of two Fixed-dose combinations (FDC) -Spectrophotometric purity analysis via spectral contrast angle
(Elsevier, 15/02/2022) Saleh, Sarah S; Lotfy, Hayam M; Tiris, Gizem; Erk, Nevin; El-Naem, Omnia A
HIAM technique allows the extraction of the original constant signal of each single component out of interference signals of a mixture and further transformed into basic spectrum (D0 ). It includes the meth- ods: ratio subtraction coupled with unified constant subtraction (RS-UCS), constant center (CC) and con- stant extraction (CE). The technique was introduced for the analysis of two pharmaceutical formulations used to treat cardiovascular diseases. The formulations are binary combinations of Amlodipine (AML) with either Atorvastatin (ATR) or Candesartan (CND) which shows interefernce absorbance signals. The technique was valid over the linearity range of (5.0–35.0 mg/ml) for AML, ATR and CND with recovery per- centage 100.40 ± 1.88 , 100.00 ± 0.86 and 99.83 ± 1.07, respectively . The extracted signals were tested for its purity by spectral contrast angle (cos h) to illustrate the efficency of the HIAM technique where cos h values ranges from (0.9902 to 0.9986). The presented technique was fully validated regarding ICH guide- lines and were statistically compared using one-way ANOVA at 95% confidence.
Response surface optimised photocatalytic degradation and quantitation of repurposed COVID-19 antibiotic pollutants in wastewaters; towards greenness and whiteness perspectives
(CSIRO, 2023-12) Elbalkiny, Heba T; El-Borady, Ola M; Saleh, Sarah S; El-Maraghy, Christine M
Rationale. Certain antibiotics have been repurposed for the management of infected COVID-19 cases, because of their possible effect against the virus, and treatment of co-existing bacterial infection. The consumption of these antibiotics leads to their access to sewage, industrial and hospital effluents, then to environmental waters. This creates a need for the routine analysis and treatment of water resources. Methodology. Detection and quantitation of three repurposed antibiotics: levofloxacin (LEVO), azithromycin (AZI) and ceftriaxone (CEF) were studied in different water samples using LC-MS/MS methods employing a C18 column and a mobile phase consisting of 80% acetonitrile/20% (0.1% formic acid in water) after solid phase extraction on Oasis HLB Prime cartridges. Real water samples were treated with synthesised graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) to remove the three types of antibiotics from contaminated water under experimental conditions optimised by response surface methodology, using Box–Behnken experimental design. Results. The analytical method was validated in the concentration range of 10–5000 ng mL–1 for the three drugs. The removal percentages were found to be 92.55, 98.48 and 99.10% for LEVO, AZI and CEF, respectively, using synthesised g-C3N4. Discussion. The analytical method was used for the estimation of the three cited drugs before and after their removal. The method was assessed using ComplexGAPI as a greenness tool and the RGB 12 algorithm as a whiteness model. The method was applied for the analysis and treatment of real water samples before and after their treatment. It proved to be simple, low-cost and environmentally sustainable.
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy Volume 273, 15 May 2022, 121036 The power of High Impact Amplitude Manipulation (HIAM) technique for extracting the basic spectra of two Fixed-dose combinations (FDC) -Spectrophotometric purity analysis via spectral contrast angle
(Elsevier, 01/05/2022) Saleh, Sarah S; Lotfy, Hayam M; Tiris, Gizem; Erk, Nevin; El-Naem, Omnia A
HIAM technique allows the extraction of the original constant signal of each single component out of interference signals of a mixture and further transformed into basic spectrum (D0). It includes the methods: ratio subtraction coupled with unified constant subtraction (RS-UCS), constant center (CC) and constant extraction (CE). The technique was introduced for the analysis of two pharmaceutical formulations used to treat cardiovascular diseases. The formulations are binary combinations of Amlodipine (AML) with either Atorvastatin (ATR) or Candesartan (CND) which shows interefernce absorbance signals. The technique was valid over the linearity range of (5.0–35.0 µg/ml) for AML, ATR and CND with recovery percentage 100.40 ± 1.88 , 100.00 ± 0.86 and 99.83 ± 1.07, respectively . The extracted signals were tested for its purity by spectral contrast angle (cos θ) to illustrate the efficency of the HIAM technique where cos θ values ranges from (0.9902 to 0.9986). The presented technique was fully validated regarding ICH guidelines and were statistically compared using one-way ANOVA at 95% confidence