Browsing by Author "Mustafa, Ahmad"

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Advanced Progress and Prospects for Producing High-Octane Gasoline Fuel toward Market Development: State-of-the-Art and Outlook
(American Chemical Society, 2023-11) Abdellatief, Tamer M. M; Ershov, Mikhail A; Savelenko, Vsevolod D; Kapustin, Vladimir M; Makhova, Ulyana A; Klimov, Nikita A; Chernysheva, Elena A; Aboul-Fotouh, Tarek M; Abdelkareem, Mohammad Ali; Mustafa, Ahmad; Olabi, A. G
The development of oil refining in advanced nations is mostly focused on low-carbon fuel. Similar efforts are being made to improve the fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines, which will result in lower exhaust emissions. Furthermore, by assessing the indicated trends in engine building, it is important for fuel manufacturers to understand how the requirements for gasoline quality indicators will change, primarily for its knock resistance. The aim of the current comprehensive article is to study the state-of-the-art review emphasizing recent progress and prospects for producing high-octane gasoline fuel toward market development. The market for branded gasoline and multifunctional additives, involving friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitor components, as well as detergent components is presented. Furthermore, market development trends and quality requirements for motor gasoline, involving antiknocking characteristics and gasoline oxygenated compounds as additives, are exhibited. Besides, perspective gasoline engine technologies, including different types of engines, are declared. The formulation of effective gasoline surrogates is a challenging task due to advanced combustion strategies, engine design, and variable operating conditions in spark-ignition engines. The extensive development of direct injection and turbocharging technologies is constrained by the actual compression ratio of engines. Likewise, an increase in the knock resistance of the produced gasoline would further increase the compression ratio and efficiency of new internal combustion engines. © 2023 American Chemical Society.
Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Monolaurin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Wound Infections
(Wiley, 2024-08) Abd El-Ghany, Shimaa Salah Hassan; Azmy, Ahmed Farag; EL-Gendy, Ahmed Osama; Abd El-Baky, Rehab Mahmoud; Mustafa, Ahmad; Abourehab, Mohammed A. S; El-Beeh, Mohamed E; Ibrahem, Reham Ali
Background. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the major pathogens associated with life-threatening infections, showing resistance to various antibiotics. Tis study aimed to assess the infuence of monolaurin on bioflm-forming MRSA. Methods. Te agar dilution method determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of monolaurin against MRSA isolates and explored its impact on the resistance profle of selected antibiotics. Te assessment of combined therapy involving monolaurin and antibiotics was conducted using fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC). Te tissue culture plate strategy appraised monolaurin’s antibioflm activity and its inhibitory concentration (IC50), with assessment via scanning electron microscopy. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) discerned a monolaurin efect on the expression of the icaD gene. Results. Monolaurin exhibited MIC values ranging from 500 to 2000 μg/mL. FIC index showed a synergistic efect of monolaurin with β-lactam antibiotics ranging from 0.0039 to 0.25 (p < 0.001). Among the 103 investigated MRSA isolates, 44 (44.7%) displayed moderate bioflm formation, while 59 (55.3%) were strong bioflm producers. Antibioflm activity demonstrated concentration dependence, confrming monolaurin’s capacity to inhibit bioflm formation and exhibited strong eradicating efects against preformed MRSA bioflms with IC50 values of 203.6 μg/mL and 379.3 μg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed reduced cell attachments and diminished bioflm formation compared to the control. Te expression levels of the icaD gene were remarkably reduced at monolaurin concentrations of 250 and 500 μg/mL. Conclusion. Monolaurin had signifcant inhibitory efects on MRSA pre-existing bioflms as well as bioflm development. So, it can be employed in the treatment of severe infections, particularly those associated with bioflm formation including catheter-associated infections.
Assessment of Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Diesel Engine using Water Diesel Emulsion: A Review
(Thai Society of Higher Education Institutes on Environment, 2022-01) Mostafa, A; Mustafa, Ahmad; Youssef, I; Mourad, M
Finding sustainable alternative fuel to substitute fossil fuel is a study area of interest for most organizations and societies. Such alternative energy should keep the balance between emissions improvement and diesel engine performance. Water-diesel (W/D) emulsion fuel is considered as an auspicious alternative fuel that can improve diesel engine performance and lower harmful exhaust emissions. This review critically discusses the effect of the obtained blend on diesel engine performance and emission characteristics based on the available experimental findings in the literature. The review also highlights the concept of water-diesel emulsion fuel, surfactant, and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value (HLB). The types of emulsion and micro-explosion phenomena were also discussed. According to the literature review, most of the researchers suggested a significant improvement of the environmental footprint when W/D is used to reduce particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOX). However, other studies criticize the increase in carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. © 2022, Thai Society of Higher Eduation Institutes on Environment. All rights reserved.
Bio-and oxo-degradable plastics: Insights on facts and challenges
(wiley online library, 2021-02) Abdelmoez, Wael; Dahab, Islam; Ragab, Esraa M; Abdelsalam, Omnia A; Mustafa, Ahmad
The global accumulation of single-use plastic bags made from nonbiodegradable plastics is the most concerning environmental issue nowadays. The utilization of biodegradable materials is a choice to reduce the environmental impact resulting from the use of plastic products. The utilization of renewable resources to produce fully biodegradable plastics is among the technologies used to overcome petroleum plastic's negative impact. On the other hand, the utilization of oxo-biodegradable plastics where prodegradant additives are incorporated in conventional plastics to promote their degradation under certain conditions has recently received much attention. This review discusses the types and challenges that face the implementation of biodegradable plastics technology that uses renewable resources. This review also covers the debate addressed in the literature about the biodegradability fate of oxobiodegradable plastic in the air, compost, soil, landfill, and marine. A comparative study included the potential published literature in the last 10 years was performed. Based on the discussed evidence in this review, it can be concluded that all literature agrees that the addition of pro-oxidant/prodegradants can accelerate the degradation of oxo-plastics to small fragments. However, the complete biodegradation of oxo-plastics by microorganisms remains in doubt. On the other hand, biopolymers produced from natural resources seem to be the future direction for plastics manufacturing especially single-use plastic bags
Cleaner and Sustainable Synthesis of High Quality Monoglycerides by use of Enzyme Technologies: Techno-economic and Environmental study for Monolaurin
(2022-09) Mustafa, Ahmad; Fathy, Sara; Kutlu, Ozben; Niikura, Fumiya; Inayat, Abrar; Mustafa, Muhammad; Abdellatie, Tamer M.M.; Bokhari, Awais; Samuel, David; Pastore, Carlo; Bitonto, Luigi; Mohsen, Reham
Currently, monoglycerides (MG) are produced using a complicated energy intensive technology that contributes negatively toward greenhouse gas mitigation. This work suggests a cleaner and simpler one-step enzymatic production of α-monolaurin in an inert membrane reactor, where the reaction and enzyme separation are conducted simultaneously in one unit. Candida antarctica lipase (Lipozyme 435) was used to catalyze the esterification reaction between lauric acid and glycerin in a solvent-free system under mild temperatures. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the reaction conditions. The optimal conditions were a molecular sieve of 14.85% w/w, a temperature of 56.95°C, an enzyme amount of 5.38% w/w, and a molar ratio of 4.75% w/w. The gas chromatography (GC) analysis showed that the α-monolaurin percentage was 49.5% when the enzymatic process (ENZ) was used. The conventional chemical (CHEM) and autocatalytic (AUT) esterification methods were also performed to study their proportional MG yields. The GC results showed the MG percentages of 43.9% and 41.7% for CHEM and AUT, respectively. Economic analysis was also conducted for the suggested enzymatic technique, and the findings were compared with those of the CHEM and AUT technologies. Using a plant capacity of 4950 t/year and 11% interest for the proposed ENZ process, the total capital investment of α-monolaurin production was preferably four times less than that of the CHEM process and three times less than that of the AUT method, presenting investment possibilities. However, the ENZ process showed the least profitability (net profit per day) among the three processes. Nevertheless, the return on investment and net present value for the ENZ process were preferably higher than those of CHEM and AUT because of its interestingly lower inside battery limit plant cost and less energy consumption. The AUT/CHEM processes generated a total carbon dioxide (CO2 ) exhaust of t CO2 678.7 eq./year. In contrast, the ENZ process exhausted a total CO2 of only 50 t CO2 eq./year. The present integrated techno-economic and environmental study of α-monolaurin production emphasizes the green and cost benefits of the proposed ENZ technology.
Cleaner Production of Isopropyl Laurate using Lipase Catalyzed Esterification: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology
(October university for modern sciences and Arts MSA, 2023) Mustafa, Ahmad
This work aims to produce a common emollient ester isopropyl laurate (IPL) in a solvent-free system. Isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and lauric acid (LA) were esterified in a closed batch reactor, employing immobilized Candida antarctica lipase as a biocatalyst. Response surface methodology was based on a five-levels, three variables composite design was used to optimize the reaction conditions. The interactive effect of three different parameters on isopropyl laurate (IPL) synthesis was studied. The following conditions' ranges were considered: molecular sieves of 1%–10% (w/w), IPA-to-LA molar ratios of 3:1–15:1, and enzyme load of 1%–4% (w/w). As a result of the optimization study, the optimum conditions were 4% w/w of Novozym 435, 15:1 IPA: LA molar ratio, and 10% w/w molecular sieves at 150 RPM, 60°C and for 2.5 h. The RSM study showed that the maximum predicted and experimental conversion values were 90.75 and 91%, respectively. It is worth mentioning that Novozyme 435 demonstrated superior operational stability, where it was used for 15 cycles without significant denaturation. The clean nature of the proposed method and the proven operational stability of Novozym 435 reveal this approach's technical and economic feasibility.
A Closed-Loop Biorefinery Approach for the Valorization of Winery Waste: The Production of Iron-Sulfonated Magnetic Biochar Catalysts and 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural from Grape Pomace and Stalks
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2024-03) di Bitonto, Luigi; Scelsi, Enrico; Reynel-Ávila, Hilda Elizabeth; Mendoza-Castillo, Didilia Ileana; Bonilla-Petriciolet, Adrián; Hájek, Martin; Mustafa, Ahmad; Pastore, Carlo
In this work, a closed-loop strategy for the management and valorization of winery waste was proposed. The exhausted pomace and grape stalks that are typically obtained from white wine industries were used as a source of simple sugars, namely, glucose and fructose, and of lignocellulosic feedstock for the preparation of selective catalysts for the 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) production from fructose. A novel synthetic procedure was developed for the synthesis of iron-sulfonated magnetic biochar catalysts (Fe-SMBCs). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), BET surface area, porous structure analysis and determination of total amount of acid sites were performed in order to characterize the physico-chemical properties of the synthesized systems. Then, these heterogeneous catalysts were successfully tested via the dehydration of simple sugars into 5-HMF by using methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) and gamma valerolactone (GVL) as co-solvents. The optimum 5-HMF yield of 40.9 ± 1.1%mol with a selectivity of 59.8 ± 2.6%mol was achieved by adopting the following optimized conditions: 0.1 g of catalyst, volume ratio of GVL to H2O = 2 to 1, 403 K, 6 h. In addition, the catalyst was easily recycled using an external magnetic field and used for at least five reaction cycles without significant loss of catalytic activity.
Comparison of the Techno-Economic and Environmental Assessment of Hydrodynamic Cavitation and Mechanical Stirring Reactors for the Production of Sustainable Hevea brasiliensis Ethyl Ester
(MDPI AG, 2023-12) Samuel, Olusegun David; Aigba, Peter A; Tran, Thien Khanh; Fayaz, H; Pastore, Carlo; Der, Oguzhan; Erçetin, Ali; Enweremadu, Christopher C; Mustafa, Ahmad
Even though the hydrodynamic cavitation reactor (HCR) performs better than the mechanical stirring reactor (MSR) at producing biodiesel, and the ethylic process of biodiesel production is entirely bio-based and environmentally friendly, non-homogeneous ethanol with the triglyceride of underutilized oil, despite the many technical advantages, has discouraged the biodiesel industry and stakeholders from producing ethylic biodiesel in HCRs. This study examines the generation of biodiesel from rubber seed oil (RSO) by comparing the ethyl-based HCR and MSR. Despite ethyl’s technical advantages and environmental friendliness, a lack of scalable protocols for various feedstocks hinders its global adoption. The research employs Aspen HYSYS simulations to investigate the ethanolysis process for RSO in both HCRs and MSRs. The HCR proves more productive, converting 99.01% of RSO compared to the MSR’s 94.85%. The HCR’s exergetic efficiency is 89.56% vs. the MSR’s 54.92%, with significantly lower energy usage. Removing catalytic and glycerin purification stages impacts both processes, with HC showing lower exergy destruction. Economic analysis reveals the HCR’s lower investment cost and higher net present value (USD 57.2 million) and return on investment (176%) compared to the MSR’s. The HCR also has a much smaller carbon footprint, emitting 7.2 t CO2 eq./year, while the MSR emits 172 t CO2 eq./year. This study provides database information for quickly scaling up the production of ethanolic biodiesel from non-edible and third-generation feedstocks in the HCR and MSR.
A Comprehensive Review of the Latest Advancements in Controlling Arsenic Contaminants in Groundwater
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2023-02) Dilpazeer, Fariha; Munir, Mamoona; Baloch, Muhammad Yousuf Jat; Shafiq, Iqrash; Iqbal, Javeeria; Saeed, Muhammad; Abbas, Muhammad Mujtaba; Shafique, Sumeer; Aziz, Kosar Hikmat Hama; Mustafa, Ahmad; Mahboob, Iqra
Water contaminated with arsenic is a worldwide problem. This review presents the arsenic contamination in groundwater, its sources, and possible health risk to humans. Groundwater pollution is the most common route of inorganic arsenic exposure in humans. Arsenic concentrations in different countries were analyzed and projected on a map. Because arsenic is widely spread throughout the Earth’s crust, it is present in trace amounts in practically all waterways. Harmful levels of this toxin have been identified in drinking water in some regions. For drinking purposes, the majority of people use groundwater; excess arsenic levels in groundwater have been linked to a variety of negative health impacts on people. Arsenic exposure is the world’s leading environmental cause of cancer. The main aim of this review is to summarize the effective technologies to remove arsenic from drinking water, such as ion exchange, coagulation/flocculation, and membrane technologies like ultra-filtration and electrodialysis, helping to deal with the adverse effects caused by arsenic exposure. All these technologies present different advantages and disadvantages. Electrocoagulation, adsorption, and phytoremediation are the most efficient and cost-effective technologies. The removal efficiencies of arsenic using these technologies and prospects were also included
Eco-friendly isopropyl myristate production in a fixed bed reactor: Leveraging energy-saving enzymatic techniques with a comprehensive evaluation of techno-economic feasibility
(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-06) Mustafa, Ahmad; Sadek, M. Shaaban; Abou Taleb, Manal F; Munir, Mamoona; Kutlu, Ozben; Pastore, Carlo; Bitonto, Luigi di; Faisal, Shah; Hammad, Hossam; Ibrahim, Mohamed M; Abdellatief, Tamer M.M; Bokhari, Awais; Samuel, Olusegun David; Inayat, Abrar; El-Bahy, Zeinhom M
This study aims to develop a straightforward, eco-friendly, and energy-saving approach for producing isopropyl myristate (IPM) through lipase-catalyzed esterification in a fixed bed reactor. The reaction between isopropyl alcohol and myristic acid was catalyzed using Novozym 435. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was utilized to examine the interaction of various reaction parameters on the yield of IPM. The highest observed and predicted conversion rates were 95 % and 94.2 %, respectively. The optimum conditions included a molar ratio of isopropyl alcohol to myristic acid of 15:1, a time of 12 h, and a flow rate of 1.25 ml/min. The synthesized IPM was isolated and comprehensively characterized using GC–MS, FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR techniques. To further validate the applicability of this method, a Process Simulation Diagram (PSD) was developed using ASPEN PLUS software to simulate IPM production under the optimized conditions. Economic analysis revealed a positive net present value (NPV) of $169,664,820.33 and a return on investment (ROI) of 536.52 %, indicating that this sustainable approach offers low investment risks and high profitability.
Eco-friendly production of biodiesel from Carthamus tinctorius L. seeds using bismuth oxide nanocatalysts derived from Cannabis sativa L. Leaf extract
(Institution of Chemical Engineers, 2024-08) Abbasi, Tehreem Usman; Ahmad, Mushtaq; Alsahli, Abdulaziz Abdullah; Asma, Maliha; b, Rozina; Mussagy, Cassamo Ussemane; Abdellatief, Tamer M.M; Pastore, Carlo; Mustafa, Ahmad
Global challenges in environmental protection, social welfare, and economic growth necessitate increased energy production and related services. Biofuel production from waste biomass presents a promising solution, given its widespread availability. This study focuses on converting highly potent Carthamus tinctorius L. seed oil (51 % w/w) into sustainable biofuel using a novel, highly reactive, recyclable, and eco-friendly bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nano-catalyst derived from Cannabis sativa L. leaf extract. The physio-chemical properties of the synthesized biodiesel were analyzed using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, the green Bi2O3 nanoparticles were characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Diffraction X-Ray (EDX), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Optimal conditions for biodiesel production were determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in combination with Central Composite Design (CCD), focusing on molar ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction duration. The highest output (94 %) of C. tinctorius-derived biodiesel (CTBD) was achieved under the following conditions: a temperature (75 °C) for time duration (100 min), a methanol to oil ratio (6:1), and a catalyst loading (0.69 wt%). The resulting biodiesel met international standards, with a sulphur content of 0.00097 wt%, and an acid value of (0.34 mg KOH/g). This study demonstrates that converting C. tinctorius waste seed oil into clean bioenergy is an effective waste management strategy that minimizes environmental impact.
Efficacy and durability of bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) virus killed vaccine adjuvanted with monolaurin
(Public Library of Science, 2022-07-14) Abd El Fadeel, Maha Raafat; Soliman, Eman M; Allam, Ahmad Mohammad; ElKersh, Mohamed F; Abd El-Baky, Rehab Mahmoud; Mustafa, Ahmad
The bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes reproductive, enteric, and respiratory dis- eases. Vaccination is essential in increasing herd resistance to BVDV spread. The selection of an adjuvant is an important factor in the success of the vaccination process. Monolaurin or glycerol monolaurate is a safe compound with an immunomodulatory effect. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of monolaurin as a novel adjuvant. This was examined through the preparation of an inactivated BVDV (NADL strain) vaccine adjuvanted with dif- ferent concentrations of monolaurin and compared with the registered available locally pre- pared polyvalent vaccine (Pneumo-4) containing BVD (NADL strain), BoHV-1 (Abou Hammad strain), BPI3 (strain 45), and BRSV (strain 375L), and adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide gel. The inactivated BVDV vaccine was prepared using three concentrations, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%, from monolaurin as adjuvants. A potency test was performed on five groups of animals. The first group, which did not receive vaccination, served as a control group while three other groups were vaccinated using the prepared vaccines. The fifth group received the Pneumo-4 vaccine. Vaccination response was monitored by measuring viral neutralizing antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It was found that the BVD inactivated vaccine with 1% and 2% monolaurin elicited higher neutraliz- ing antibodies that have longer-lasting effects (nine months) with no reaction at the injection site in comparison to the commercial vaccine adjuvanted by aluminum hydroxide gel.
Enhancing biodiesel production from urban sewage sludge: A novel industrial configuration and optimization model
(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-11) Bitonto, Luigi di; Scelsi, Enrico; Locaputo, Vito; Mustafa, Ahmad; Pastore, Carlo
In this work, a novel industrial configuration for the lipid extraction from sewage sludge was proposed. In detail, respect to conventional scheme based on direct extraction of lipids from wet sedimented sewage sludge using hexane, a preliminary centrifugation of sewage sludge prior to the extraction process was introduced. Economic and energetic balances for both configurations were evaluated using Aspen Plus simulator, including the posttreatment of exhausted sewage sludge obtained after the process. By centrifuging sewage sludge prior to the extraction process, overall costs can be reduced (27 % less), while preserving the same extraction efficiency for lipid recovery (80 %). Initial capital investments, amounts of reactants and total energy demand were sensibly reduced to achieve BEP of extracted lipids of 784 € ton-1 (vs 1.291 € ton-1 for conventional route). Finally, the economic feasibility of biodiesel production from lipids obtained from centrifuged sludge was evaluated by applying direct esterification with methanol and AlCl3⋅6H2O BEP of biodiesel produced of 1.186 € ton-1 was obtained with NPV of 27.5 M€ and DPP of 2.5 years. These values, show that biodiesel production from sewage sludge could be profitable considering only the proposed approach, fully unlocking the potential of waste in coherence with circular economy principles.
Extraction by ionic liquids for the case of detoxification of lignocellulosic hydrolysates
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024-07) Tonova, Konstantza; Zhivkova, Svetlana; Lazarova, Madlena; Mustafa, Ahmad
This study deals with hydrophobic phosphonium ionic liquids (ILs), phosphinate and neodecanoate, used in liquid-liquid extraction for the purpose of complex detoxification of lignocellulosic hydrolysates from inhibitors, whilst preserving the sugar content. The topic is considered from two aspects, a theoretical one in which extraction from a model multicomponent solution composed of acids, furan, phenolics, and sugars is investigated, and practically by employing a real rice straw hydrolysate. Using the model solution in cross-current extraction mode, the main process parameters, pH and concentration of the ILs, are studied. The extraction mechanisms of acids (sulfuric, gallic, acetic and levulinic acids) and aldehydes (vanillin and furfural) are established. Extraction of the acids in both ILs proceeds by a competitive mechanism until the two reactive H-bonding sites located at the two oxygen atoms in the IL's anion are occupied. In addition to H-bonding, extraction of the phenolic acid is substantially assisted by hydrophobic interactions, while the sulfuric acid is readily extracted by protonation of the IL's anion. An above-stoichiometric extraction of acids by phosphonium phosphinate has been found, which occurs by acid-acid H-bonds between phenolic and organic acids. Co-extraction between phenolic acid and phenolic and furanic aldehydes is observed which is based on the H-bonds that exist in acidic media and the staking interactions of the aromatic rings. The extraction of real rice straw hydrolysate carried out in three runs reaches a high removal of organic acids (over 63%), furans (over 80%) and phenolic compounds (over 97%) in each run.
Glycolipid biosurfactants: Biosynthesis and related potential applications in food industry
(Elsevier, 2022-10) Ashby, Richard D; Zulkifli, Wan Nur Fatihah Wan Muhammad; Yatim, Abdul Rashid M; Ren, Kangzi; Mustafa, Ahmad
Applications of Next Generation Biosurfactants in the Food Sector 2023, Pages 307-334 Chapter 15 - Glycolipid biosurfactants: Biosynthesis and related potential applications in food industry☆ Author links open overlay panelRichard D.AshbyaWan Nur Fatihah Wan MuhammadZulkiflibAbdul Rashid M.YatimcKangziRendAhmadMustafae,f a United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, United States b Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Bandar Baru Bangi, Malaysia c Bioprocessing & Biotechnology Division, Eman Biodiscoveries Sdn Bhd, Sungai Petani, Malaysia d College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China e General Systems Engineering, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October, Egypt f Center of Excellence, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October, Egypt Available online 21 October 2022, Version of Record 21 October 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824283-4.00006-X Get rights and content Abstract Glycolipids are microbial surface-active molecules that are composed of a carbohydrate unit linked to a single or multiple fatty acid(s). They are receiving increased research interest due to their green production pathways and their environmental and application benefits. Rhamnolipids, trehalolipids, sophorolipids, and mannosylerythritol lipids are among the most well-characterized glycolipids. Their antibacterial and emulsifying properties impart great potential to glycolipids in areas such as cleaning, cosmetic, and food preservation and can serve as sustainable substitutes for many synthetic surfactants. In addition, the valorization of food wastes through their use as fermentation feedstocks to produce glycolipid biosurfactants has received considerable attention because the process allows the bioconversion of inexpensive renewable by-products to value-added compounds, which may help to decrease production costs. This chapter focuses on the status and future perspectives related to the economical production of glycolipid biosurfactants and their potential application in foods.
Green synthesis of isopropyl palmitate using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase: Process optimization using response surface methodology
(Elsevier, 2022-06) Mustafa, Ahmad; Niikura, Fumiya
This work aims to produce isopropyl palmitate (IPP), a common emollient ester in a solvent-free system. An esterification reaction between isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and palmitic acid (PA) was performed in a closed batch reactor using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase as a biocatalyst. Reaction conditions were optimized using response surface methodology based on a five-level, three-variable composite design. The interactive effects of conditions on the IPP yield were investigated in the following ranges: IPA-to-PA molar ratio of 3:1–15:1, 1%–4% (w/w) Novozym 435, and 1%–10% (w/w) molecular sieves. The optimum conditions were IPA-to-PA molar ratio of 15:1, 4% w/w of Novozym 435, and 10% w/w of molecular sieves at 60◦C and 150 RPM for 2.5 h. The maximum experimental and predicted conversion values were 90.00% and 90.92%, respectively. Moreover, Novozym 435 exhibited remarkable operational stability because it was used for 15 cycles without considerably losing its original activity. In studying the feasibility of the proposed method, a process flow diagram was suggested to perform the semicontinuous production of IPP in a solvent-free medium
Halochromic properties of carotenoid-based films for smart food packaging
(Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2024-07) Mussagy, Cassamo U; Oliveira, Grazielle; Ahmad, Mushtaq; Mustafa, Ahmad; Herculano, Rondinelli D; Farias, Fabiane O
Carotenoids are fat-soluble natural pigments with potent antioxidant and antibacterial properties, and their colors are sensitive to environmental pH changes (halochromic properties). Currently, natural carotenoids are utilized in the preparation of active packaging films, drawing significant attention in the field of food engineering for their potential application in smart packaging films. The use of carotenoids-based active films has shown promise in prolonging shelf life, but their application as pH-sensitive pigments in smart packaging for monitoring food freshness remains less established due to the several drawbacks (i.e., visual changes and others) discussed in this work. This critical review primarily summarizes the most used smart packaging materials, the halochromic properties of carotenoids and other pigments, and the applications of carotenoids-based films/bioplastics as pH-sensitive smart packaging for monitoring food freshness. Finally, we present to the readers our expert overview of the advantages and disadvantages associated with these natural pigments in the packaging sector.
Has the time finally come for green oleochemicals and biodiesel production using large-scale enzyme technologies? Current status and new developments
(Elsevier Inc., 2023-10) Mustafa, Ahmad; Faisal, Shah; Ahmed, Inas A; Munir, Mamoona; Cipolatti, Eliane Pereira; Manoel, Evelin Andrade; Pastore, Carlo; di Bitonto, Luigi; Hanelt, Dieter; Nitbani, Febri Odel; El-Bahy, Zeinhom M; Inayat, Abrar; Abdellatief, Tamer M.M; Tonova, Konstantza; Bokhari, Awais; Abomohra, Abdelfatah
With the growth of the chemical industry over the last decade, the need for cheaper (and more environmentally friendly) alternatives to petrochemicals of ever-increasing cost has grown steadily. Oleochemicals and biodiesel (OC/BD) are considered as green alternatives to petroleum derivatives, because they come from renewable oils and fats. OC/BD are currently produced by the traditional energy intensive chemical catalyzed methods, which have several economic and environmental drawbacks. For these reasons, the enzymatic production of OC/BD has attracted a growing attention for their greener pathway with respect to the chemically catalyzed processes. Lipase-catalyzed processes have a low energy requirement, since reactions are performed under atmospheric pressure and mild temperature and without the creation of side reactions. Furthermore, utilization of enzyme catalysts offers many advantages such as reducing the initial capital investment due to simplified downstream processing steps. Despite all the previous advantages, however, the high cost of lipases restricted their large-scale utilization. In the past decade, efforts have been made to reduce the cost of the enzymatic-catalyzed synthesis of OC/BD. However, most previous studies have studied only the technical feasibility of the lipase-catalyzed re- actions and overlocked the economic viability. This review critically discusses the factors affecting the promotion of the economic feasibility of the enzymatic processes from the lab to large scale. These include reactor configuration, type of feedstock, conditions optimization, immobilization, lipase-producing microorganisms
Has the time finally come for green oleochemicals and biodiesel production using large-scale enzyme technologies? Current status and new developments
(Elsevier Inc, 2023-12) Mustafa, Ahmad; Faisal, Shah; Ahmed, Inas A; Munir, Mamoona; Cipolatti, Eliane Pereira; Manoel, Evelin Andrade; Pastore, Carlo; Bitonto, Luigi di; Hanelt, Dieter; Nitbani, Febri Odel; El-Bahy, Zeinhom M; Inayat, Abrar; Abdellatief, Tamer M.M; Tonova, Konstantza; Bokhari, Awais; Abomohra, Abdelfatah
With the growth of the chemical industry over the last decade, the need for cheaper (and more environmentally friendly) alternatives to petrochemicals of ever-increasing cost has grown steadily. Oleochemicals and biodiesel (OC/BD) are considered as green alternatives to petroleum derivatives, because they come from renewable oils and fats. OC/BD are currently produced by the traditional energy intensive chemical catalyzed methods, which have several economic and environmental drawbacks. For these reasons, the enzymatic production of OC/BD has attracted a growing attention for their greener pathway with respect to the chemically catalyzed processes. Lipase-catalyzed processes have a low energy requirement, since reactions are performed under atmospheric pressure and mild temperature and without the creation of side reactions. Furthermore, utilization of enzyme catalysts offers many advantages such as reducing the initial capital investment due to simplified downstream processing steps. Despite all the previous advantages, however, the high cost of lipases restricted their large-scale utilization. In the past decade, efforts have been made to reduce the cost of the enzymatic-catalyzed synthesis of OC/BD. However, most previous studies have studied only the technical feasibility of the lipase-catalyzed reactions and overlocked the economic viability. This review critically discusses the factors affecting the promotion of the economic feasibility of the enzymatic processes from the lab to large scale. These include reactor configuration, type of feedstock, conditions optimization, immobilization, lipase-producing microorganisms.
Highly selective synthesis of glyceryl monostearate via lipase catalyzed esterification of triple pressed stearic acid and glycerin
(Elsevier Ltd., 2023-04) Mustafa, Ahmad; Ramadan, Rehab; Niikura, Fumiya; Inayat, Abrar; Hafez, H
The synthesis of value-added products from glycerin is an attractive research area that aims to valorize this abundant by-product of the biodiesel industry. Thus, raising the economic feasibility and mitigating the envi- ronmental consequences. In this work, an alternative green, energy-efficient, and selective enzymatic (ENZ) esterification of triple-pressed stearic acid (TPSA) and glycerin was carried out to produce glyceryl monostearate (GMS). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the reaction conditions; the optimum con- ditions were a 6:1 glycerin to TPSA molar ratio, 8% w/w Lipozyme 435 amount, and 350% w/w solvent amount. It is worth mentioning that the solvent addition greatly enhanced the yield of GMS compared to the conventional autocatalytic esterification (AUT) process. The proposed ENZ approach was also economically assessed, and the findings were compared to those of the AUT method. Considering a plant capacity of 4,950 t year− 1 and an interest of 11%, the total capital investment of the ENZ GMS production was 1.8 times cheaper than the AUT process, suggesting a favorable investment opportunity. In addition, the positively obtained net present value (NPV) and return on investment (ROI) for the ENZ process’s total production costs reveal the proposed method’s economic feasibility. The suggested approach for synthesizing GMS can be seen as a baseline for a cleaner large- scale monoglycerides synthesis