Browsing by Author "Ahmed, Mai"

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    Clinico-pathological relationship between androgen receptor (AR) and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)
    (Springer, 2021-01) Helal, Thanaa; Bakkach, Joaira; Elghazawy, Hagar; Aref, Ahmed; Kelany, Mohamed; Abdallah, Lamiaa; Abdelbakey, Fatma; Ali, Dalia; Ali, Doaa; Ahmed, Mai; Abd El-Hafeez, Amer; Ghosh, Pradipta; Alorabi, Mohamed
    Background Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer (BC) with ill-dened therapeutic targets. Androgen receptor (AR) and tumor-inltrating lymphocytes (TILs) had a prognostic and predictive value in TNBC. The relationship between AR, TILs and clinical behavior is still not fully understood. Methods Thirty-six TNBC patients were evaluated for AR (positive if  ≥  1% expression), CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD20 by immunohistochemistry. Stromal TILs were quantied following TILs Working Group recommendations. Lymphocyte-predominant breast cancer (LPBC) was dened as having stromal TILs ≥ 50%, whereas lymphocyte-decient breast cancer (LDBC) was dened as < 50%. Results The mean age was 52.5 years and 27.8% were ≥ 60 years. Seven patients (21.2%) were AR+. All AR + cases were postmenopausal (≥ 50 years old). No statistical difference was found in median overall survival (OS) between AR- and AR + groups (31.5 vs. 25 months, p = 0.77). LPBC was 32.2%. Median TILs was 37.5% and 10% (p = 0.1) and median CD20 was 20% and 7.5% (p = 0.008) in AR- and AR+, respectively. Mean CD3 was 80.7% and 93.3% (p = 0.007) and CD8 was 75% and 80.8% (p = 0.41) in ARand AR + respectively. All patients who were ≥ 60 years old expressed CD20. LDBC was found to be signicantly higher in N + vs. N- patients (p = 0.03) with median TILs of 20% vs. 50% in N + vs. N-, respectively (p  =  0.03). LDBC was associated with higher risk of lymph node involvement (OR = 6, 95% CI = 1.05–34.21, p = 0.04). Conclusions AR expression was evident in older age (≥ 50 years). Median CD20 was higher in AR- TNBC, while mean CD3 was higher in AR + tumors. LDBC was associated with higher risk of lymph node involvement. Larger studies are needed to focus on the clinical impact of the relation between AR and TILs in TNBC.
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    Investigating the Relationship Between Product Innovation and Firm’s Competitive Advantage Applied On “Sigma Fit
    (MSA, 2022) Adel, Asmaa; Mortaga, Hana; Ahmed, Mai; Saleh, Radwa
    Purpose: The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between product innovation and firms’ competitive advantage. Methodology: To effectively complete this study, the researchers combined primary and secondary data by doing in-depth interviews with a convenient sample and evaluating the results of a questionnaire distributed across 131 participants using IBM's statistical, Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) and Smart SPL statistical techniques. Findings: The researchers found that there is a significant relationship between product innovation and firms’ competitive advantage, research, and development, as well as technology. Also, they found out there is a modrate positive relationship between customer orientation and firm’s competitive advantage. Implications: Investigating the relationship between product innovation and firm’s competitive advantage is very essential nowadays. Companies should give more attention and dedicate enough of their budget towards the product innovation as it can help them be differentiated in the market and therefore, gaining a competitive advantage. Also, to provide implication for product innovation, R&D, Customer orientation and technology. This research investigates the relationship between product innovation and firm’s competitive advantage.